Final Exam Flashcards
(149 cards)
1
Q
What is anxiety?
A
A mood state that follows from apprehension about (potential) negative future outcomes
2
Q
How is some anxiety important for life?
A
Helpful by motivating action and increasing concentration, avoiding potential threats through problem-solving
3
Q
Social/cultural forces have contributed to anxiety
A
Media, performance, norms, testing
4
Q
Fight or flight system
A
panic response to perceived threat CRF stimulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical HPA axis
5
Q
Behavioural inhibition system
A
freeze response which signals our bodies to stop and evaluate the situation to determine the threat
6
Q
The triple vulnerability theory
A
The first vulnerability=diathesis which is your generalized biological vulnerability
The second vulnerability= generalized psychological vulnerability Eg. Believing the world is dangerous
The third vulnerability specific psychological vulnerability Eg. Learning about others experience to dangers makes you anxious thinking about those things
7
Q
Most common health concern
A
Anxiety
8
Q
Exposure therapy
A
Most anxiety disorders are categorized by avoidance, which worsens the anxiety. There are many types of ET.
9
Q
Existential approaches to anxiety
A
Rather than focusing on specific strategies focus on meaning in life despite unfortunate truths
10
Q
Benzodiazepines
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Xanax, Valium, Ativan are fast acting CNS depressants that affect the GABA system
11
Q
SSRI’s
A
antidepressants that are helpful at managing anxiety
12
Q
4 notable features that people with GAD have
A
- intolerance of uncertainty: set of negative beliefs
- Positive beliefs about worry: the worry is what keeps me safe
- Poor problem orientation: difficulty seeing the problem
- cognitive avoidance
13
Q
Panic disorder and agoraphobia relation
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Panic comes with retreat then staying at home so nobody sees your panic
14
Q
Difference between sudden or expected panic attack
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Sudden happens out of the blue and expected have a clear trigger
15
Q
Self-fulfilling prophecy
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The fear of having panic attacks can cause one
16
Q
Interoceptive exposure for panic disorder
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up to 70% of people significantly improve. exposure to bodily sensations associated with panic
17
Q
Psychosis
A
term for when we lose touch with reality
18
Q
3 psychotic symptoms
A
Positive, negative and disorganized
19
Q
Positive symptoms
A
Delusions and hallucinations
20
Q
Delusion
A
A belief not grounded in reality
21
Q
Delusions of grandeur
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some sense as believing themselves to be a high religious figure
22
Q
Delusion of reference
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Associate an idea with another idea when they aren’t associated
23
Q
Somatic Delusions
A
Someone is convinced something is wrong with them
24
Q
Erotomanic delusions
A
Believe you have a loving relationship with a celebrity
25
Cotard's syndrome
Believing some parts of your body is dead
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Hypnagogic Hallucinations
Occur while falling asleep
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Hypnopompic Hallucinations
Occur as you are waking up
28
Negative symptoms
The absence or insufficiency of normal behaviour such as avolition, anhedonia, asociality, affective flattening
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Disorganized Symptoms
Disorganized speech, disorganized movement, inappropriate affect
30
Prodrome Phase of Schizophrenia
Disorganized thoughts, social withdrawal, sleep disturbance, suspiciousness, intense focus on ideas which may seem disturbing can take between 2 and 10 years before a full psychotic disorder emerges
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Phase 2: Acute Psychotic Episode
The easiest phase to assess and diagnose. Positive symptoms emerge
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Phase 3: recovery phase
Occurs after the symptoms of the acute psychotic episode have subsided
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how do other schizophrenia spectrum differ?
Symptom type and severity, symptom duration, causes of symptoms, comorbidity with other disorders
34
Schizotypal Personality
Pattern of social and interpersonal deficits and a reduced capacity for close relationships, and eccentricities of behaviour
35
Brief psychotic disorder
Psychotic symptoms lasting at least one day but no longer than a month
36
Schizophreniform Disorder
Episode within the last month but less than 6 months
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Delusional Disorder
Presence of delusions with a duration of one month or longer
38
Schizoaffective disorder
An uninterrupted period of illness during which there is a major mood episode
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Causes of psychosis
cat poop (toxoplasma gondii), Fingerprint ridges, eye-tracking differences, living in cities
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Dopamine's role in psychosis
Most antipsychotic meds work by blocking dopamine, drugs that increase dopamine can cause psychosis
41
CBT for psychosis
Aaron Beck founding father of CBT focuses on getting people back into society, have reference points so they can connect with reality
42
What is trauma?
Any disturbing experience that results in significant fear, helplessness, dissociation, confusion, or other disruptive feelings intense enough to have a long-lasting negative effect on a person's attitudes, behaviour, and other aspects of functioning
43
Window Of Tolerance
If you're feeling hyper aroused you're likely over your window of tolerance. Hypoarousal means the body is being understimulated (low mood, low energy, exhausted state)
Trauma happens when you are outside the normal window of tolerance
44
Challenges of assessing PTSD
Many different types of traumatic events.How do you gather information without asking too many detailed questions?
What if someone describes an event as traumatic but does not meet the criteria
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OSI Clinics
Dedicated to people who experience traumatic events because of their employment
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Moral Injury
Describes the psycho-spiritual consequences of events that seriously violate ones core moral beliefs and expectations
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Treatment for PTSD
SSRI, Exposure therapy, eye movement desensitization
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Acute stress disorder
Similar criteria to PTSD
Main distinction: can be diagnosed 3 days to 1 month after the traumatic event
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Complex PTSD
May be diagnosed in adults or children who have repeatedly experienced traumatic events, such as violence, neglect or abuse
Very different from ptsd
ICD is a better guide
50
Dissociation
Disruption of and or discontinuity in the normal integration of consciousness, memory, identity, emotion, perception, body representation, motor control, and behaviour
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Derealization
Experiences of unreality or detachment with respect to surroundings, individuals or objects are experienced as unreal, dreamlike, foggy, lifeless, or visually distorted
52
Depersonalization
Experiences of unreality, detachment, or being an outside observer with respect to ones thoughts, feelings, sensations, body, or actions
53
Disassociated personality disorder
Formerly multiple personality disorder. Distinct personalities known as alters
A memory may be fragmented. Highly stigmatized
54
Only one-third of American psychiatrists confidently believe that DID should be included in the DSM. What are some reasons why?
Highly likely to be agreeable
DID patients are highly suggestible and DID symptoms may be reinforced by therapists.
Could result in false report of childhood trauma.
Could lead to the idea of distinct personalities being reinforced.
55
Clinical characteristics of DID
The estimated average number of alters is 15. Almost everyone with DID has experienced significant childhood trauma(97%) and 68% reported incest.
Limited social support during or after traumatic events.
56
What disorders include cluster A
Odd and eccentric: Schizoid, Schizotypal, Paranoid
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What disorders include cluster B
Borderline, Narcissistic, Histrionic, and Antisocial
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Antisocial Personality disorder hypotheses
Underarousal hypothesis=evidence that people with ASPD are chronically understimulated
Fearlessness Hypothesis= people with ASPD do not experience fear to the same degree as others
59
DBT therapy
Distress tolerance
Interpersonal effectiveness
Emotion regulation
Mindfulness
60
Histrionic personality disorder
A pervasive pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking, beginning by early adulthood
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The big 5
Extroversion
agreeableness
Conscientiousness
Neuroticism
Openness to experience
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Self monitoring
Personality trait that determines how much people regulate their behaviour based on the context
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Categorial approach
clear categories with clear underlying cause
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Dimensional approach
Trait exist on a continuum
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Prototypical approach
Contains elements of both dimensional and categorical approach
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What is a mental disorder?
Defined by thoughts, behaviours, and emotions that cause dysfunction, personal distress, and are atypical or not culturally expected
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The 4 d's of psychopathology
Dysfunction, distress, deviance, and danger
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What time frame were mental health problems considered to be caused by supernatural forces
Middle ages
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What are some medieval treatments align with evidence-based interventions
Hydrotherapy: DBT skills
70
What did Galen believe?
Humor theory: stated there are 4 bodily fluids that determine emotional balance: blood, black bile, yellow bile, and phlegm
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What are the biological treatments from the 20th century?
Insulin shock therapy, lobotomies, and electro-convulsive therapy
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Moral therapy
Creating spaces where people could rest, recover, and live normal lives developed by Phillipe Pinel
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Mental Hygiene Movement
Pioneered by Dorthea Dix. The backlash against worsening conditions of asylums
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Multidimensional model of causality
Social factors, psychological factors, and biological factors contribute to the development of a mental disorder also known as the bio-psycho-social model to understand mental disorders
75
What are emotions?
Short-lived, temporary states lasting from several minutes to several hours, occurring in response to an external event
76
Fight or flight response
Biological reaction to alarming stressors that musters the body's resources to resist or flee the threat
77
How does gene expression depend on evironemt
A small portion of our genes are turned on or expressed. Depending on our environment it can determine whether our genes are expressed
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Diathesis
Pre-existing genetic vulnerability
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Epigenetics
biological factors other than DNA that influence gene expression and the traits passed on to future generations
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Gene-environment correlation
People's genetic predispositions often influence their environments
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Passive gene-environment correlation
our environment is often created by our parents, who share 50% of their genes with us
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Active gene-environment correlation
genes make us seek out our environments
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Adverse childhood events
2/3s of people report at least one and more than 1/5 report 3 or more
84
Mental status exam
appearance and behaviour, thought processes, mood, cognitive and intellectual functioning, and sensorium
85
Categorial approach
Mental disorders are clear categories and have clear physiology and underlying cause
86
Dimensional Approach
mental disorders exist on a continuum
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Prototypical approach
Contains elements of both dimensional and categorial
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Major Depressive Disorder
Significant depressive symptoms, never been a manic or hypomanic episode
89
Persistent Depressive disorder (Dysthmia)
Depressed mood for most of the day, for more days than not for at least 2 years
90
How common is depression?
Approximately 16% of the global population will experience MDD at some point in their life and approximately 6% will experience it within any given year.
91
cognitive restructuring
Challenging negative thinking patterns
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Manic Episode criteria
period of abnormally elevated, expansive or irritable mood and abnormally increased activity or energy lasting at least 1 week
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Bipolar Disorder 1
criteria has been met for at least one manic episode
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Hypomanic Episode
A manic episode lasting at least 4 days and is not severe enough to cause marked impairment in social functioning
95
Bipolar II disorder
Criteria met for at least 1 hypomanic episode and at least one major depressive disorder. No manic episode.
96
Bipolar specifiers
Rapid cycling: 20-50% of those with bipolar disorder experience rapid cycling
Ultra-rapid cycle lengths
Ultra-ultra rapid cycle lengths
97
Cyclothymic Disorder
Chronic alternation of. mood elevation and depression that does not meet the severity for manic or major depressive disorders
98
Average onset for bipolar disorder
late adolescence to early adulthood
99
Medications for bipolar disorder
Lithium Carbonate, valproate, anti-depressants, antipsychotics, anti-convulsants
100
Whats the world-wide prevalence of ED's
7.8%
101
Mortality in anorexia nervosa
20% of people die from this disorder and 5% after 10 years. Females living with AN are 18x more likely to die by suicide
102
Bulimia Nervosa
Most common on university and college campuses
Eating large amounts of food in volumes higher than normal followed with compensatory behaviours
103
DSM-5-TR criteria for bulimia nervosa
recurrent episodes of binge eating, discrete period of time, sense of lack of control overeating, compensatory behaviours in order to prevent weight gain, at least once a week for 3 months
104
Anorexia Nervosa
characterized by a strong fear of gaining and losing control of overeating
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DSM-5-TR criteria for Anorexia Nervosa
Restriction of food intake relative to requirements leading to low body weight, intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, disturbance in the way ones body weight or shape is
106
Comorbidity in Anorexia Nervosa
Anxiety and mood disorders. 13% prevalence of OCD
107
Insomnia
Complaint of dissatisfaction with sleep quantity or quality that causes significant distress, at least 3 nights per week and present for at least 3 months
24% of Canadians report symptoms
108
3P model of insomnia
Predisposing: complex bio-psycho-social factors
Precipitating: triggers in the environment
Perpetuating: thoughts/behaviours that continue to the cycle of insomnia
109
stimulus control
If the client cannot sleep in 10-15 minutes they are to get up and do something quiet then return to bed only when they are sleepy
110
Sleep Restriction
Limit the amount of sleep by setting a specific bedtime and wakeup time
111
Hypersomnolence
Excessive sleepiness despite enough hours of sleep
112
Narcolepsy
Irrepressible need to sleep or napping occurring within the same day. hypocretin deficiency
113
What percent of children have nighmares
10-50%
114
What percentage of adults experience nightmares
9-30%
115
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
presence of obsession, compulsions or both. These are time consuming
116
Four main subtypes of OCD
Symmetry
Forbidden thoughts/actions
Cleaning/contamination
Hoarding
117
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Prevalence
Lifetime prevalence of 1.6-2.3%
118
Body Dysmorphic Disorder
Perceived defects or flaws in physical appearance that are not observable or appear slight to others, performing repetitive behaviours or mental acts, cause clinically significant distress
119
Prevalence of BDD
2-13% student samples
9-15% dermatology
7-8% of cosmetic surgery patients
120
Somatic Symptom Disorder
One or more somatic symptoms that are distressing or result in significant disruption of daily life
121
Illness anxiety disorder
Somatic symptoms are not present or present but very mild. Excessive health-related behaviours
122
Conversion Disorder
One or more symptoms of altered voluntary motor or sensory function
the symptom is not better explained by another disorder
123
Malingering
faking symptoms for personal gain
124
Factitious Disorder
Falsification of physical or psychological signs or symptoms of behaviour is evident even in the absence of obvious external rewards (faking symptoms for no obvious reason)
125
Sexual desire disorders
Male hypoactive sexual disorder and female interest/arousal disorder
- reduced desire must be present for at least 6 months and cause significant distress
126
Sexual arousal disorders
Erectile disorder: difficulty maintaining rigid erections for at least 6 months
127
What percentage of married men report occasional erectile dysfunction
40%
128
Orgasm Disorders
Premature ejaculation and delayed ejaculation
Female orgasmic disorder
129
Criteria for Genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder
Recurrent difficulties with one or more: vulvovaginal or pelvic pain during sex, fear or anxiety, tensing or tightening of the pelvic floor, approximately 6 months
130
Paraphilias
Sexual disorders in which sexual arousal occurs almost exclusively in the context of inappropriate objects or individuals
131
Fetishistic Disorder
intense sexual arousal from using an inanimate object or non-genital body part
132
Voyeuristic and exhibitionistic disorders
The voyeuristic disorder is becoming intensely aroused by observing an unsuspecting person who is naked, undressing or engaging in sexual activity. Exhibitionistic disorders become intensely aroused through exposing genitals to unwilling audience.
133
Transvestic Disorder
cross-dressing. Intense sexual arousal from wearing clothes traditionally worn by a different gender
134
Sexual sadism and Sexual masochism
Masochism is when a person has sexual urges to have pain inflicted on them and sadism is sexual urges to inflict pain on others
135
Frotteuristic disorder
The act of touching or rubbing ones genitals against another non-consenting individual in sexual matter
136
Pedophilic disorder
Recurrent intense sexually arousing fantasies urges or behaviours involving sexual activity with a prepubescent child or children
137
Covert sensitization
Imagining consequences of certain behaviours repeatedly
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Orgasmic reconditioning
re-pairing pleasurable orgasms with other stimuli
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Relapse prevention programs
Similar to substance use programs
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Drug interventions
Antiandrogens which are effectively chemical castration
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Treatment for children for gender reassignment
Wait and see approach
142
What is aging?
Aging is the process of passing time
143
Delirium
4 key features
1. Disturbance of consciousness
2. Disturbance of cognition
3. Limited course
4. External causation
40-50% of people who experience delirium will die within one year
144
Major neurocognitive disorder (dementia)
Gradual deterioration of the brain functioning affects judgement, memory, language and many other cognitive processes/skills
145
Alzheimer's disease
Increasing memory impairment, symptoms often worse at night, higher education = better outcomes, average survival 4-8 years
146
Vascular Neurocognitive disorder
blood vessels which can get blocked or damaged in the brain marked by a decline in processing speed and executive function
147
Lewy body disease
Small microscopic deposits of protein that damage brain cells. decline in alertness and attention, hallucinations and motor impairment
148
Huntingtons disease
A genetic disorder affecting motor movements caused by one specific gene
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Substance/medication-induced neurocognitive disorder
50-70% of chronic alcohol users can show cognitive decline
