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Addictions > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What are some unique psychosocial factors faced by LGBT+ individuals that increase their risk of substance use?

A
  1. Stigma
  2. Discrimination
  3. Rejection
  4. Homophobia
  5. Transphobia
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2
Q

How did the classification of gay, lesbian, and bisexual sexual orientations change in the DSM from DSM-1 to DSM-5?

A
  1. DSM-1 classified it as sexual deviation
  2. DSM-2 as sexual orientation disturbance
  3. DSM-3 introduced ego-dystonic homosexuality which was dropped in DSM-3-R
  4. DSM-4-TR included Gender Identity Disorder
  5. DSM-5 introduced Gender Dysphoria
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3
Q

What is the estimated incidence of substance use dependence among LGBT+ individuals from early epidemiological research?

A

Early research estimated a 30% incidence of substance use dependence among LGBT+ people compared to approximately 10% among the general population.

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4
Q

What does coming out entail and how does it impact LGBT+ individuals’ mental health?

A

Coming out is the process of making one’s sexual orientation or gender identity known to others, which can help alleviate the negative mental health consequences of anti-LGBT discrimination and victimization

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5
Q

What are circuit parties and how are they associated with substance use among gay men?

A

Circuit parties are large-scale, sexually charged events popular among some gay men that often involve high levels of drug use including ecstasy, ketamine, and methamphetamine

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6
Q

Describe the prevalence and impact of family rejection on LGBT+ youth.

A

Family rejection can lead to psychological distress, increased risk of substance use, homelessness, and mental health issues like depression and suicidal tendencies.

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7
Q

How does the Transtheoretical Model of Change apply to addiction recovery?

A

This model describes the process of intentional behavior change through stages: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance.

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8
Q

How are LGBT-specific treatment centers beneficial for individuals struggling with addiction?

A

These centers provide a safe space where LGBT+ individuals can address issues related to their sexual orientation or gender identity, discuss experiences of homophobia or transphobia, and receive tailored support.

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9
Q

What legal and societal challenges do LGBT+ individuals still face in North America?

A

Challenges include heterosexism, legally sanctioned discrimination such as anti-sodomy laws, and a lack of legal protections against discrimination based on sexual orientation.

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10
Q

Discuss the impact of the social setting on substance use among LGBT+ individuals.

A

Social settings like bars and parties where alcohol and drugs are prevalent can trigger substance use among LGBT+ individuals due to associated positive feelings of group membership and decreased negative emotional states.

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11
Q

What is the significance of the DSM-5’s classification of Gender Dysphoria?

A

This classification acknowledges the distress and impairment that can result from a discrepancy between one’s experienced and assigned gender, marking a shift from viewing gender variance as a disorder to focusing on the distress it can cause.

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12
Q

Explain the concept of internalized homophobia and its impact on substance use.

A

Internalized homophobia occurs when LGBT+ individuals internalize societal biases and discrimination, leading to self-hatred and mental health issues like anxiety and depression, which may increase substance use as a coping mechanism.

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13
Q

How does the stigma related to sexual orientation and gender identity contribute to substance use?

A

Stigma and phobias based on sexual orientation and gender identity create significant stress and emotional pain for LGBT+ individuals, often leading to substance use as a way to cope with these negative feelings.

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14
Q

How does family rejection affect LGBT+ youth related to substance use?

A

Family rejection can lead to psychological distress, homelessness, and an increased likelihood of substance use and mental health issues.

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15
Q

How prevalent is alcohol dependence among gay-identified men according to more recent epidemiological research?

A

16.8% of gay-identified men met DSM-IV criteria for alcohol dependence.

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16
Q

Discuss the protective factors for LGBT+ individuals against substance use.

A

Social identification with other LGBT+ individuals and supportive environments can act as protective factors against substance use.

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17
Q

What was the first LGBT-specific addiction treatment center and when was it established?

A

The first LGBT-specific addiction treatment center was the Pride Institute in Minnesota, established in 1986.

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18
Q

How does adolescence impact substance use among LGBT+ youth?

A

The brain’s developmental stage during adolescence increases risk-taking behaviors, compounded by LGBT+ youth’s struggles with identity and stigma.

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19
Q

How does homelessness relate to LGBT+ youth?

A

Many LGBT+ youth face homelessness due to family rejection, which can lead to high-risk behaviors including substance use and involvement in the sex trade.

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20
Q

What defines compulsive buying?

A

Compulsive buying is characterized by an overwhelming urge to shop and make purchases without need, often leading to emotional distress or financial problems.

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21
Q

What are common triggers for compulsive buying?

A
  1. Emotional distress,
  2. social pressures,
  3. advertisements, and
  4. special sales events are common triggers
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22
Q

How is compulsive buying similar to other addictive behaviors?

A

It involves an inability to control the behavior, preoccupation with the behavior, and continuing the behavior despite negative consequences.

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23
Q

What types of emotions do compulsive buyers often seek to manage through shopping?

A

They often shop to manage feelings of sadness, loneliness, and low self-esteem.

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24
Q

What role does gratification play in compulsive buying?

A

Immediate gratification from purchasing can temporarily relieve negative emotions, reinforcing the compulsive behavior.

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25
Q

How does compulsive buying affect personal relationships?

A

It can strain relationships due to financial secrecy, overspending, and the stress associated with debt.

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26
Q

What are some signs of a shopping addiction?

A

Signs include hiding purchases, feeling guilt after shopping, financial difficulties due to shopping, and a cycle of euphoria followed by guilt.

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27
Q

What are the long-term effects of compulsive buying?

A
  1. accumulated debt,
  2. financial crisis,
  3. emotional distress, and
  4. deteriorated personal relationships.
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28
Q

How does the digital environment influence compulsive buying?

A

Online shopping platforms and social media can exacerbate compulsive buying through easy access, constant advertisements, and social comparisons.

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29
Q

What psychological treatments are available for compulsive buying?

A

Treatments include cognitive-behavioral therapy, which helps modify problematic shopping thoughts and behaviors, and group therapy for peer support.

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30
Q

How is compulsive buying diagnosed?

A

It is diagnosed based on criteria such as a
1. preoccupation with shopping,
2. difficulty resisting the urge to shop, and
3. shopping that leads to distress or impairment.

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31
Q

What is the prevalence of compulsive buying in the general population?

A

It affects a small but significant portion of the population, with varying rates reported in different studies, typically ranging from 2% to 8%.

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32
Q

How can financial counseling help someone with a shopping addiction?

A

Financial counseling can help by creating budget plans, managing debt, and teaching financial management skills to prevent further compulsive buying episodes.

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33
Q

What role does self-monitoring play in managing compulsive buying?

A

Self-monitoring involves tracking shopping behavior and triggers, which can help individuals identify patterns and implement strategies to reduce shopping.

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34
Q

Why is insight into one’s behavior important in treating compulsive buying?

A

Insight helps individuals understand the underlying emotional issues driving their behavior, which is crucial for effective intervention and long-term change.

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35
Q

How do social influences contribute to compulsive buying?

A

Social influences include peer pressure, cultural norms promoting consumerism, and social media portrayals of idealized lifestyles, all of which can encourage excessive shopping.

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36
Q

What are some coping strategies for resisting the urge to shop compulsively?

A
  1. avoiding shopping triggers,
  2. setting spending limits,
  3. using cash instead of credit, and
  4. seeking emotional support from friends or family.
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37
Q

What is the impact of compulsive buying on mental health?

A

It can lead to increased anxiety, stress, and depression, particularly as financial and personal consequences accumulate.

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38
Q

What preventive measures can be taken to avoid compulsive buying?

A
  1. educating individuals about the signs of compulsive buying,
  2. promoting healthy financial habits, and
  3. encouraging alternative activities to shopping.
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39
Q

What is the goal of prevention in addiction?

A

The goal is to identify and help those at high-risk to not develop behavioral addictions.

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40
Q

What is the purpose of Motivational Interviewing (MI) in addiction?

A

MI is used to evoke the client’s own reasons for change and their ideas about how change should happen.

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41
Q

What are the five principles of Motivational Interviewing?

A
  1. Express empathy,
  2. develop discrepancy,
  3. avoid argumentation,
  4. roll with resistance, and
  5. support self-efficacy.
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42
Q

Describe the Transtheoretical Model of Change.

A

It includes stages such as precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance, with relapse as a possible occurrence in the cycle.

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43
Q

What defines the precontemplation stage in the Transtheoretical Model of Change?

A

Individuals are not considering change, are unaware their behavior is problematic, and underestimate the pros of changing.

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44
Q

Explain the contemplation stage in the Transtheoretical Model.

A

Individuals start thinking about change, recognizing their problematic behavior, and weighing the pros and cons of changing.

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45
Q

What is the preparation stage in the Transtheoretical Model?

A

Individuals are ready to act within 30 days, developing plans and taking small steps toward change.

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46
Q

Describe the action stage in the Transtheoretical Model.

A

Individuals have recently changed their behavior and intend to keep progressing in their new, healthier behaviors.

47
Q

What challenges are associated with the maintenance stage in the Transtheoretical Model?

A

Maintenance involves continuing the behavior changes long-term, dealing with the non-linear path of recovery, including potential relapses.

48
Q

What is relapse according to the Transtheoretical Model?

A

Relapse is returning to the level of engagement in the problematic behavior prior to taking action to change.

49
Q

How does Marlatt’s Relapse Prevention Model describe relapse?

A

Relapse is seen as a failure of coping mechanisms in the face of high-risk situations.

50
Q

What are the eight relapse determinants in Marlatt’s model?

A
  1. Unpleasant emotions,
  2. physical discomfort,
  3. pleasant emotions,
  4. tests of personal control,
  5. urges and temptations,
  6. conflict with others,
  7. social pressure to use, and
  8. pleasant times with others.
51
Q

What are some limitations of Marlatt’s Relapse Prevention Model?

A

It does not account for structural factors or the neurobiological aspects of addiction.

52
Q

Describe the role of 12-Step Mutual Help Organizations in recovery.

A
  1. support recovery by cultivating spirituality,
  2. changing social networks,
  3. boosting confidence in sobriety, and
  4. reducing craving and impulsivity.
53
Q

What is the significance of group membership in recovery according to Social Identity Theory?

A

Membership in recovery groups

  1. helps enhance self-concept,
  2. provides social support, and
  3. promotes a sense of belonging and shared identity.
54
Q

How does Social Identity Theory explain behavior change in addiction recovery?

A

suggests that adopting new, healthier group identities can lead to positive behavioral changes by reducing uncertainty and enhancing self-concept.

55
Q

What are “all or nothing” service delivery approaches in addiction treatment?

A

These approaches require abstinence before treatment and view continued use as a lack of motivation for change.

56
Q

How does the Harm Reduction approach differ from “all or nothing” methods?

A

Harm Reduction aims to reduce the adverse consequences of addictive behaviors without necessarily reducing the behaviors themselves.

57
Q

What are the principles of Harm Reduction?

A

It involves policies, programs, and practices aimed at reducing health, social, and economic consequences of addictive behaviors.

58
Q

Explain the significance of needle exchange programs in Harm Reduction.

A

Needle exchange programs aim to reduce the spread of infectious diseases by providing clean syringes to individuals who inject drugs, reducing harm and promoting public health.

59
Q

What are supervised injecting facilities (SIFs), and what benefits do they offer?

A

SIFs provide a safe and clean space for drug injection under supervision, reducing risks like overdose and infection while also potentially guiding users towards treatment options.

60
Q

How is Methadone Maintenance Treatment (MMT) used in addiction treatment?

A

MMT is used to stabilize individuals with severe opioid addiction, reducing withdrawal symptoms and the use of illicit opioids, and improving overall health and social functioning.

61
Q

What is Heroin Assisted Treatment (HAT), and who is it intended for?

A

HAT involves prescribing pharmaceutically pure heroin for self-administration under supervision, aimed at long-term opioid users who have not benefited from other treatments, reducing harm associated with illicit heroin use.

62
Q

Discuss the biopsychosocial+ perspective on relapse.

A

This perspective considers biological vulnerabilities, psychological factors like motivation and emotions, social support dynamics, and socio-structural factors like neighborhood and access to resources as influencing relapse and recovery.

63
Q

How do clients perceive the effectiveness of treatment based on their first interaction with treatment professionals?

A

Clients often recall the initial interaction with treatment professionals vividly, considering it a profound and powerful moment. A positive first experience can make them feel comfortable and influence their decision to pursue treatment further.

64
Q

How do personal experiences of addiction and recovery influence a client’s perception of treatment?

A

Personal stories of recovery are usually more vividly remembered and trusted compared to stories of addiction use. Clients who have experienced multiple treatments can recall significant moments from each, indicating the lasting impact of these interactions.

65
Q

What impact does perceived clinician empathy have on treatment outcomes?

A

A clinician’s display of genuine empathy and non-judgmental behavior significantly enhances the therapeutic relationship, making clients more likely to engage in and benefit from treatment.

66
Q

What challenges do clients typically face when seeking treatment for addiction?

A

Clients often find the system confusing and frustrating, facing more barriers than access points to treatment. Negative personal experiences can influence their perceptions and expectations of the treatment process.

67
Q

How do addicts feel about the terminology used to describe their conditions?

A

While academic and clinical settings may use terms like “substance abusers” or “people with substance use issues,” many individuals prefer and identify with more straightforward terms like “addicts,” finding them more reflective of their personal experiences.

68
Q

What is the importance of timing in seeking addiction treatment?

A

When individuals decide they need help, there is often a short window of opportunity for action. Delays and frustrations in accessing treatment can diminish their motivation and readiness for change.

69
Q

Describe the perceived relationship between addiction and intelligence according to clients.

A

Clients express frustration that their intelligence and capabilities are often underestimated or dismissed due to their substance use, emphasizing that having a substance use problem does not reflect one’s intelligence or worth

70
Q

What is the client’s perspective on the role of other clients in the recovery process?

A

Other clients who are also undergoing treatment can provide crucial support, understanding, and practical advice, enhancing the recovery experience through shared experiences and mutual encouragement.

71
Q

What is the client’s view on the impact of clinicians’ attitudes towards relapse?

A

Clients believe that relapse should be treated as a normal part of the recovery process, not as a failure. They emphasize the need for compassionate support rather than punishment or judgment during relapse, comparing it to symptom relapse in other chronic illnesses.

72
Q

What is the contemporary understanding of relapse in addiction treatment?

A

Relapse is considered a failure to maintain behavioral change rather than merely failing to initiate it. It involves a dynamic process influenced by biological, psychological, social, and structural factors, reflecting its complex nature.

73
Q

How has the definition of relapse evolved over time?

A

Definitions of relapse have shifted from a binary “all or nothing” view to more nuanced perspectives considering the quantity, frequency, lifestyle changes, and the iterative progress toward change.

74
Q

What is the significance of ‘relapse management’ over ‘relapse prevention’?

A

‘Relapse management’ is suggested as a preferable term, emphasizing ongoing support and intervention rather than the unrealistic expectation of preventing all relapses, acknowledging the chronic nature of addiction.

75
Q

How do Marlatt’s relapse determinants relate to treatment outcomes?

A

Despite the initial support for Marlatt’s eight relapse determinants, further studies have called for an expanded model that includes both interpersonal and intrapersonal factors, emphasizing the complexity of relapse scenarios.

76
Q

What role do biological factors play in relapse?

A

Biological factors, including genetic predispositions and neurobiological changes in the brain, significantly influence relapse, affecting cravings, response to cues, and overall treatment outcomes.

77
Q

What psychological factors are linked to relapse risk?

A
  1. Personality traits like negative cognitive style,
  2. feelings of inadequacy,
  3. ineffective coping, and
  4. external locus of control are associated with a higher risk of relapse.
78
Q

How do social factors influence relapse?

A

Social factors can either increase relapse risk or provide protective support, with elements like
1. social network quality,
2. social supports, and
3. living conditions playing crucial roles.

79
Q

Discuss the influence of social-structural and spiritual factors on relapse.

A

Neighborhood characteristics, access to resources, and spiritual growth impact relapse risks and treatment outcomes, emphasizing the need for comprehensive support systems.

80
Q

What is Structured Relapse Prevention (SRP)?

A

SRP is a manual-based cognitive-behavioral therapy approach that integrates motivational interviewing to address substance use triggers and improve coping skills, enhancing the ability to manage high-risk situations effectively.

81
Q

What does recent research suggest about the effectiveness of mindfulness-based relapse prevention?

A

Mindfulness-based relapse prevention (MBRP) has shown promise in reducing substance use rates, decreasing cravings, and enhancing awareness and acceptance, supporting its inclusion in modern treatment programs.

82
Q

Who first described compulsive buying and what term did they use?

A

Emil Kraepelin, a German psychiatrist, first described compulsive buying as “impulsive insanity” in 1915.

83
Q

What are the four phases of compulsive buying according to Black (2007)?

A
  1. Anticipation (thoughts and urges),
  2. Preparation (research and decision making),
  3. Shopping (“thrill of the hunt”), and
  4. Spending (purchase made, followed by sadness or disappointment).
84
Q

How does compulsive buying differ from hoarding in terms of focus?

A

Compulsive buying focuses on the process of shopping, whereas hoarding focuses on the items being acquired.

85
Q

What are some clinical symptoms of compulsive buying disorder (CBD)?

A

Symptoms include excessive preoccupation with shopping, poor impulse control, mood modification, a “buyer’s high,” and guilt or remorse following shopping.

86
Q

How is compulsive buying conceptualized according to Ridgway et al. (2008)?

A

Ridgway et al. argued that CBD has elements of both Impulse Control Disorders (ICD) and Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders (OCD), suggesting it should be included on the OCD spectrum.

87
Q

What are the proposed diagnostic criteria for CBD according to Muller et al. (2021)?

A

Criteria include
1. irresistible urges for buying/shopping,
2. diminished control over buying/shopping,
3. using buying to regulate internal states, and
4. negative consequences due to excessive buying.

88
Q

Describe the Compulsive Buying Scale by Faber & O’Guinn (1992).

A

This scale includes statements like “If I have money left in my paycheck, I have to spend it,” indicating compulsive buying behaviors and attitudes towards spending.

89
Q

What is the Online Shopping Addiction Scale?

A

It measures addiction through factors like
1. salience (constant thinking about shopping),
2. tolerance (needing to shop more),
3. mood modification, withdrawal symptoms, relapse, and conflict with productivity.

90
Q

What are the biological antecedents of compulsive buying disorder?

A

Familial history of CBD, substance use disorders, and emotional disorders suggest that CBD may be heritable and potentially linked to dopamine activity in the brain.

91
Q

What psychological antecedents contribute to compulsive buying?

A

Factors include
1. perfectionistic traits,
2. materialism,
3. impulsiveness,
4. low self-esteem, and
5. the presence of negative affect and stress.

92
Q

How does the Escape Theory of Materialism explain compulsive buying?

A

suggests that individuals may engage in compulsive buying to escape from self-awareness of their failures, leading to impulsive behavior to relieve negative emotions.

93
Q

What social antecedents influence compulsive buying?

A
  1. easy accessibility of shopping opportunities,
  2. the availability of credit, and
  3. emotional neglect or dysfunctional household environments.
94
Q

What is the Richmond Compulsive Buying Scale?

A

It measures compulsive buying with questions like “Others might consider me a ‘shopaholic’,” aiming to identify behaviors and self-perceptions related to shopping addiction.

95
Q

Which personality factors play a role in the onset of cannabis use among teenagers according to the Preventure Programme?

A
  1. Thrill-seeking,
  2. enjoyment, and
  3. seeking altered perceptions.
96
Q

How do online shopping addiction and retail shopping addiction differ in terms of social interaction?

A

Online shopping allows avoidance of face-to-face interaction, while retail shopping involves direct social contact.

97
Q

What are some common co-occurring disorders with shopping addiction?

A
  1. Mood disorders,
  2. substance use disorders,
  3. impulse control disorders, and
  4. personality disorders.
98
Q

Describe the general outcome of compulsive buying disorder in terms of financial status.

A

Often leads to significant financial problems such as debt and potentially bankruptcy.

99
Q

How does the conceptualization of compulsive buying disorder include elements of OCD and ICD?

A

It features elements like impulse control issues and obsessive preoccupations with shopping.

100
Q

What is the role of dopamine in compulsive buying disorder as suggested by biological studies?

A

Dopamine may be involved in the reward pathways that reinforce compulsive shopping behaviors.

101
Q

What is the prevalence range for compulsive buying behavior in North America, Europe, and Asia?

A

Approximately 5% to 16%, depending on the specific sample and study methodology.

102
Q

What screening tool was introduced in 1988 for measuring compulsive buying behaviors?

A

The Canadian Compulsive Buying Measurement Scale.

103
Q

What psychological traits are associated with higher risks of developing compulsive buying behaviors?

A
  1. Perfectionism,
  2. materialism,
  3. impulsiveness,
  4. low self-esteem, and
  5. negative affect.
104
Q

What is the Escape Theory of Materialism and how is it related to compulsive buying?

A

It suggests that people may engage in compulsive buying to escape negative emotions and self-awareness, leading to impulsive behaviors.

105
Q

What role does social media play in compulsive buying behaviors?

A

Continuous exposure to online advertisements and easy access to online shopping platforms can exacerbate compulsive buying tendencies.

106
Q

Describe the impact of accessibility and availability of credit on compulsive buying behaviors.

A

Easy access to credit can facilitate compulsive purchasing behaviors by reducing immediate financial constraints.

107
Q

What role does an anti-oppression framework play in treating LGBTQ+ clients with addiction issues?

A

An anti-oppression framework helps clinicians understand and address the unique challenges faced by LGBTQ+ individuals, which include societal oppression and discrimination. It emphasizes the need for cultural competence in treating these clients.

108
Q

How does the experience of coming out impact the mental health of LGBTQ+ individuals?

A

Coming out can lead to increased stress due to potential rejection and discrimination, but it can also lead to greater self-acceptance and reduced mental health issues when the individual receives support.

109
Q

What is the significance of ‘chosen family’ for LGBTQ+ individuals dealing with addiction?

A

‘Chosen family’ refers to a support network selected by LGBTQ+ individuals that may include friends, partners, and allies. This network can provide crucial emotional and social support, which is especially important when biological families are unsupportive.

110
Q

Describe how internalized oppression affects LGBTQ+ individuals with addiction.

A
  1. self-stigma,
  2. low self-esteem, and
  3. self-destructive behaviors, exacerbating substance use as individuals attempt to cope with negative feelings about their identity.
111
Q

Explain the concept of ‘double marginalization’ and its relevance to LGBTQ+ individuals with addiction.

A

Double marginalization occurs when an individual belongs to multiple stigmatized groups (e.g., LGBTQ+ and racial minority), intensifying their experience of discrimination and potentially complicating their addiction and recovery.

112
Q

What role does genderism play in the experiences of transgender individuals with substance use disorders?

A

Genderism can lead to exclusion and discrimination in both societal and healthcare contexts, impacting the mental health of transgender individuals and contributing to substance use as a coping mechanism.

113
Q

How does the stigma related to HIV/AIDS affect substance use among LGBTQ+ populations?

A

The stigma associated with HIV/AIDS can lead to social isolation, depression, and anxiety, which may increase substance use among those who are HIV positive or part of a community heavily impacted by HIV.

114
Q

What challenges do older LGBTQ+ individuals face in accessing addiction services?

A

Older LGBTQ+ individuals may face additional barriers such as ageism within the LGBTQ+ community and the broader society, lack of tailored services for older adults, and isolation.

Addictions (3 decks)

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