Final Exam Flashcards
(250 cards)
1
Q
SI unit for time
A
second
2
Q
unit for 1 year
A
annum (a)
3
Q
kilo (k)
A
10^3
4
Q
Mega (M)
A
10^6
5
Q
Giga (G)
A
10^9
6
Q
Tera (T)
A
10^12
7
Q
Centi (c)
A
10^-2
8
Q
Mili (m)
A
10^-3
9
Q
Micro
A
10^-6
10
Q
Nano (n)
A
10^-9
11
Q
Hazard
A
a potential source of harm
12
Q
risk
A
the likelihood of a hazard causing harm
13
Q
vulnerability
A
the susceptibility to be harmed
14
Q
risk equation
A
risk = hazard x vulnerability
15
Q
Density (ρ)
A
mass per unit volume of substance
16
Q
stratification
A
stratification is the layering of materials. Less dense materials float on top of denser materials.
17
Q
order of magnitude
A
power of ten
18
Q
layer of atmosphere with storms
A
troposphere
19
Q
layers of the earth (top down based on density)
A
crust, mantle, core
20
Q
disaster scales for earthquakes
A
richter
modified mercalli
moment magnitude
21
Q
return period
A
the average number of years between disaster events of the same magnitude
rpm = time span / # of cases
22
Q
element
A
consists of identical atoms
23
Q
atomic #
A
number of protons
24
Q
atomic mass number
A
protons + neutrons
25
isotopes
different number of neutrons
26
top 3 common elements in the Earth's crust
oxygen, silicon, aluminum
27
top 3 common elements in the ocean
hydrogren, oxygen, chlorine
28
top 3 common elements in the atmosphere
Nitrogen, oxygen, argon
29
solids
not very fluid
not very compressible
30
liquids
very fluid
not very compressible
31
gas
very fluid
very compressible
32
free
free
33
solid --> liquid
melt
34
liquid --> gas
evaporate
35
solid --> gas
sublimate
36
liquid --> solid
freeze
37
gas --> liquid
condense
38
gas --> solid
deposit
39
viscosity
resistance to flow (thickness)
40
high viscosity
resists flow (i.e peanut butter)
41
low viscosity
doesn't resist flow (i.e water)
42
what does high viscosity mean
really resists flow: very thick
43
strain
change in shape or size of a solid object
44
ductile
very plastic (bends and deforms easily)
45
types of strain
plastic, elastic
46
SI unit of force
newton
47
five forms of energy
1. work
2. potential
3. kinetic
4. sensible heat
5. latent heat
48
work
force x displacement
49
sensible heat
the heat we feel
50
specific heat
a measure of the capacity of a substance to store heat
51
latent heat
heat that is stored when matter changes phase
52
power
rate of doing work per time
53
pressure
force per unit surface area applied perpendicular to the surface
54
stress
force per unit surface area applied parallel to the surface
55
yield point
the boundary between elastic and plastic behaviour
56
does energy or matter propogate for waves
energy
57
group velocity
speed that energy moves due to waves
58
longitudinal wave
|| | | | | | | | ||| |
waves with oscillations parallel to the propagation direction
59
transverse wave
waves with oscillations perpendicular to the propagation direction
60
longitudinal wave amplitude
wavelength where not compressed
61
doubling time
time for a population to double
DT = 70 / % growth rate in a year
62
recent worldwide population growth rate is
linear but still exponential
63
strata
layers of sedimentary rocks or lava flows
64
stratigraphy
focuses on the study of rock layers (strata) and layering (stratification)
65
1. superposition
stratigraphic principle which says "what is on the top is youngest"
66
2. The Principle of Original Horizontality
layers are originally horizontal
67
3. The Principle of Lateral Continuity.
Things were once originally connected
68
4. The Principle of Cross-Cutting Relationships
If it cuts through, it's younger
69
5. Principle of Faunal Succession.
older fossils are at the bottom
70
unconformity
a break in time in an otherwise continuous rock record
71
Eons
precambrain and Phanerozoic (major biosphere changes)
72
eras
Archean, Proterozoic, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic
73
evaporites
rocks produced by the evaporation of standing bodies of water
74
ammonite
extinct group of marine creatures related to squid and octopus
75
when were dinosaurs around
Mesozoic
75
iridium
found in meteors, rare on earth
75
breccia
fractured rocks
75
gypsum
a mineral rich in sulfates; common in evaporite sequences
76
oldest period of the Phanerozoic
Cambrian
77
Cuvier, George
created concept of extinction
77
Alvarez, W and A
investigated iridium
77
ussher, James
calculation of the age of the Universe
78
deep time
understanding the extreme age of Earth
79
foraminifera
microfossils that commonly secrete a calcium carbonate shell
80
Ga
Giga annum: billions of years ago
81
southern part of Pangaea
Gondwana
82
hydrosphere
all earth's liquid water
83
radiation
the emergence of new species following a mass extinction event
84
Smith, William
English engineer who developed the concept of faunal succession
85
Unconformity
an erosion surface separating two rock masses of different ages
86
tektites
natural glass produced by melting rocks during an impact event
87
shock lamellae
stress lines in quartz crystals generated by high energy events
88
ablation
removal of material from the surface of an object by vapourization
89
air burst
a detonation in the atmosphere
90
meteorite
a Solar System body larger than a meteoroid, but smaller than a planet; does not have a tail
91
galactic plane
the area of the galaxy that is most densely packed with stars
92
Kuiper Belt
a ring of small Solar System objects including comets
93
mass driver
process of removing material off a large space body to cause the body to move
94
meteorite
object from space that survives impact with Earth's surface
95
meteoroid/meteor
objects in space that range in size from sand to large boulder; does not have a tail
96
Nemesis
a hypothetical companion star or black hole to our Sun
97
oort cloud
a spherical cloud of comets that surrounds the Sun at about 1 light year distance
98
planet x
a hypothetic planet proposed to exist way beyond the orbit of Pluto
99
Raup, D. and Sepkoski, J.J.
said extinctions occur periodically
100
Red Dwarf Star
a star smaller and cooler than our Sun
101
shoemaker, gene
a founder of planetary science; correctly deduced the nature of craters
102
solar sails
large mirrors designed to be installed in space to move/steer space bodies using energy from light (photons)
103
torino scale
scale/method for categorizing impact hazards
104
5 big mass extinctions
oh dont pretend to care
1. Ordovician-silurian Extinction
2. Devonian Extinction
3. Permian-triassic Extinction
4. Triassic-jurassic Extinction
5. Cretaceous-tertiary
105
cause of P/T extinction
extreme volcanic activity: Siberian Traps
106
K/pg boundary
a thin band of rock containing much more iridium
107
K/pg extinction
impact event, killed dinosaurs, 66 ma
108
location of k/pg crater
Chicxulub crater
109
minimum # of seismometers to get an estimate
3
110
Oceanic plates
oceanic: fast moving, young, formed at mid ocean ridges, destroyed at subduction zones
111
continental plates
slow moving, much older, do not get subducted because they are more buoyant than oceanic plates
112
divergent boundary
plates are moving apart, tension and stressing, small earthquakes, at mid-ocean ridges
113
transform boundary
plates move past each other, leading to shearing forces between plates, many mid to large earthquakes
114
convergent boundary type 1
plates move toward each other, compress, one subducts, very large earthquakes
115
convergent boundary type 2
plates collide and crumple, small to very large earthquakes here
116
where do the largest earquakes occur
convergent subduction zones
117
what type of boundary is the Juan de Fuca plate at
convergent
118
what type of boundary is the san andreas fault
transform
119
which two forces drive plate motion
gravity and heat
120
fault
a region where rocks have broken over some area
121
dip slip fault
vertical motion along a slanting plane
122
reverse fault
dip-slip fault in which the side leaning on its neighbour moves up
123
normal fault
dip-slip fault in which the side leaning on its neighbour drops down
124
strike-slip fault
horizontal movement
125
oblique fault
involve motion that is a combination of the vertical and horizontal directions
126
_____ and _____ equals unpredictable fault motion/can cause a fault to jump
accumulated stress; the effect of friction
127
T/F faults never fail all at once
True
128
three conditions that affect the amount of energy released in an earthquake
ASA
area of zone broken
strength of rocks
amount of motion
129
hypocentre/focus
the point where the energy was released
130
seismic moment
measures energy
Area x rock strength x motion
131
two main classes of seismic waves
body waves (waves that travel through things)
surface waves (waves that travel along surfaces)
132
two types of body waves
P-waves (longitudinal, can travel through solids and liquids)
S-waves (slower, transverse, only solids)
133
two types of surface waves
rayleigh waves - (particles rotate backwards to wave direction), cause the most damage
love waves - side to side motion, can't travel through liquid
134
which is faster surface or body waves
body waves
135
which seismic wave causes the most damage
rayleigh waves (and surface waves in general)
136
which seismic wave is the fastest
p waves (which are longitudinal)
137
as seismic waves cross different materials
their velocity changes
138
how do we locate an earthquake
difference between P and S wave arrival, greater distance = further
139
forecasting vs predictions
predictions: educated guesses
forecasting: based on the past
140
seismic gaps
few earthquakes even though the fault has been moving, most likely to occur here)
141
taller buildings resonate at _____ frequencies
lower
142
conventional forecast for eq
says its a constant 20%
143
renewal forecast
more accurate based on stress
144
eq intensity
experience felt as a result of the energy
145
mercalli scale
qualitative interviews on felt intensity
146
epicenter
point on earth surface directly above focus/hypocenter
147
seismic waves in soft rocks are _______-
amplified
148
what waves have the lowest frequencies
Rayleigh wave
149
stiffer buildings have ____ resonant frequencies
higher
150
liquefaction risk
areas made of sedimine t deposits that get shaken apart and lose their strength
151
intrusive rocks
magmas that cool underground and crystalize
152
lava flows
result when magma is low in gas content
153
volcanic glass
cools so quickly: obsidian
154
pyroclastic material
volcano fragments/ash
155
what does more SiO2 do to viscosity
more viscous
156
mafic magmas
lowest SiO2 content
runny (effusively)
high temps
157
felsic magmas
high viscosity
erupt explosively
low temps
form basalts
158
different types of volcanoes
shield volcanoes
cinder cones
stratovolcanoes
lava domes
calderas
159
how is magma formed
Magma is formed by melting pre-existing rock in Earth's interior
160
pahoehoe lava
ripply texture
161
a'a lava
sharp and jagged texture
162
shield volcano
-mafic landform
-larger diameter than height
-formed by repeated eruption of basaltic lava flows
163
cinder cone
-conical hill formed by pyroclastic material around a volcanic vent
-mafic magma
164
Stratovolcano
- formed by lava flow and pyroclastic layers
-erupt all sorts of magma
165
lava dome
-pile of viscous lava that forms over a vent
-mushroom shape
-intermediate to felsic
166
caldera
-felsic landform
-very large depression
-explosive
167
most explosive volcano
caldera
168
mafic pyroclasts are called
scoria
169
pyroclastic material is also called
tephra
170
lahar
mix of ash, and fragments, that run down hill, triggered by rain or melting
171
what does a lahar require
tephra + water
172
most useful way to measure volcanoes
seismic monitoring
173
inSAR
technique to measure volcanoes
174
CPSPEC
measures SO2 emissions using light avosrbance
175
FLIR
infared heat from volcano measuring
176
hotspots
volcanoes that form over mantle plume, no boundary
177
where do volcanoes mostly form
convergent plate boundaries
178
what type of volcanoes form at Convergent Boundaries
stratovolcanoes
179
what type of volcanoes form at Divergent Boundaries
shield volcanoes
180
shear strength
the internal resistance of a body to shear stress
181
two components of gravity
-Gp - the component that acts perpendicular to the surface to help hold an object in place
-Gt - component that acts tangential to the slope to pull an object in the downslope direction
182
what two things makeup shear strength
friction and cohesion
183
factor of safety Fs
resisting forces / driving forces
184
Fs < 1
slope will probably fail
185
pore water pressure
factor that adds to the spaces between grains which decreases the strength of the material
186
effective stress
normal stress - pore water pressure
187
entire formula for Fs
(normal stress - pore water pressure)xtan0) + cohesion) / shear stress
188
landsllides may have ____ casue(s) and _____ trigger(s)
many, one
189
does vegetation reduce landslide
yes
190
anthropogenic activity and lanslides
refers to excavation, man made, etc
191
fall
sudden vertical movement of material on steep slopet
192
topples
forward rotation of material about a pivot point
193
slides
large volumes of rock ro soil initially moving as a cohesive unit
194
rotational slides
moving along a curved surface
195
translational slides
blocks of strong rocks moving on weak planes
196
lateral spread
rapid liquefaction, creates a bowl-like shape
197
creep
extremely slow moving downslope: most economic damage
198
debris flow
rapid flow of fully saturated debris in a steep channel (key is the channel)
199
devris avalanche
movement of debris in no specific channel
200
complex landslide
combo of the differnet landlisde types
201
Sturzstroms
start as a large rock fall but becomes a debris flow
202
least effective option to stabilize a slope/minimize human affects
avoid development on landslide prone slopes in the first place
203
period
time for one wavelength to pass a point
204
frequency
number of waves passing a point per unit time
205
wave created by wind over ocean
wind wave
206
changes in atmospheric pressure, storm surge
seiche
207
faulting of sea floor, landslide, eruption
tsunami
208
gravity and rotation of earth
tide
209
fully developed sea state
anymore energy will just lead to wave break
210
significant wave height
the average height of the highest one third of the waves
211
beaufort scale
qualititative measure of sea state
212
movement of particles in a wave
forward rotation then back, like a rayleigh but the opposite direction
213
as one goes deeper into the water column wave orbitals
decrease in size
214
wave base
maximum depth at which a wave's passing causes water motion L/2
215
deep-water waves
depths are greater than or equal to L/2
216
shallow water waves
depth is less than or euqal to L/20
217
transitional/intermediate waves
somewhere in-between deep and shallow; start to "feel the bottom"
218
what determines speed for shallow water waves
depth only
219
what determines speed for deep water waves
wavelength: longer wavelength travels faster
220
shoaling
the process of moving from the deep ocean towards the coastline and into shallower water
221
what does shoaling do
- energy and period conserved
-wave gets slower
222
at what point does a wave break
on formula sheet (H/L)
or
H/d =- 3/4
223
seiche
resonant wave in a body of water caused by a disturbance by wind or seismic activity
224
steep oceans produce
plunging breakers
225
flat oceans produce
spilling breakers
226
very steep oceans produce
surging breakers
227
incoming water is called ______ outgoing water is called _______
swash, backwash
228
storm surge
abrupt bulge of water driven ashore by hurricane: driven by wind surge and pressure surge
229
storm surges are most dangerous during
high tide
230
how long do storm surges typically last
1-3 days
231
most common cause of tsunami
earthquakes
232
T/F the first tsunami waves are always the highest
F
233
DART
deep ocean assesment for tsunamis
234
wavelength ~ of tsunami
200 km/h
235
longshore drift
gradual movement of sediment particles along shore
236
tombolos
sandbars that connect one island to antoher
237
barrier islands
parallel to shore to stop wave damage
238
groins
elongated structures that protrude perpendicular to the shoreline, trap sediments: erosion on down-drift side, sediments trapped on updrift side
239
tethered float breakwater
breaks waves without interfering with sediment
240
criteria for mass extinction
atleast 30% of all species lost
short period <1ma
241
what are the two comet stores
kuiper belt
oort cloud
242
where are asteroids found
in a belt between mars and Jupiter
243
most important thing to preventing earth impact
TIME
244
best place to view a thunderstorm
southeast of it
245
pressure
force per unit area
