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Rock Class > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Erosion

A

The removal, transport, and deposition of weathered material over a very large distances, often (though not always) by water.

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2
Q

Fluvial erosion

A

Erosion resulting from streams- any channel flowing water

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3
Q

How do fluvial erosions begin

A

When water moves in thin sheets downslope (overland flow). Eventually the moving water forms channels. The hydraulic power of the channel flow scours out deeper gullies and eventually connects to the drainage system of a valley

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4
Q

Sinuous Stream Channels

A

Have gentle irregular curvature.
Very common.
As stream gradient lessens (the slope down which the stream flows flatten), the sinuosity increases

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5
Q

Straight Stream Channels

A

Are relatively rare and typically only occur over short distances.
Straight channels are typically controlled by the underlying geological structure

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6
Q

Braided Stream Channels

A

Occur in streams that carry large amounts of sediment
Braided channels consist of numerous interwoven channels

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7
Q

Meandering Stream Channels

A

Occur over flatter land with lower gradients and are characterized by tightly curving serpentine stream channels

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8
Q

Competence

A

Refers to the size of the largest object that a stream can transport
Higher competence means a stream can transport larger objects
Competence primarily depends on stream velocity, such that moving faster moving streams have higher stream competence.

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9
Q

Capacity

A

A stream is the amount of material a stream a stream can transport
Capacity depends both on stream velocity and stream volume

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10
Q

Stream load

A

The material transported by a stream

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11
Q

Dissolved load

A

Is the minerals dissolved in the moving stream water

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12
Q

Suspended load

A

The fine clay and silt particles that move along the stream via suspension and never touch the stream bed

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13
Q

Bedload

A

Is the larger sand grains and gravel that bounce along the bottom of the stream (saltation) or for larger objects, get dragged along the stream bed (traction)
Bedload moves slower than the dissolved and suspended loads above it (closer to the surface) because of friction

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14
Q

Valley depending

A

Happens in areas with steeper stream gradients when the fast moving water erodes away rock and forms v-shaped valleys- a process called Dow cutting.
The hydraulic power of the fast-moving water and abrasion from eroded material along the stream bed erode the valley and create deep canyons

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15
Q

Valley Widening

A

Happens in areas with low stream gradients (flat land), the water slows down and the stream takes on a more meandering flow.

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16
Q

Faster moving water along the _______ of a meander erodes _______ the bank (a cut bank) and widens the valley. Slower moving water in the _______ of a meander redúceles the streams competence and capacity and results in decomposition along a point bar.

A

Outside, away, inside

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17
Q

Delta Formation

A

Occurs when the stream enters a larger body of water
The flow velocity drops rapidly, which causes the stream competence and capacity to decrease and results in depositions of the stream load in a delta

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18
Q

How much water is stored in the oceans

A

97%

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19
Q

Water is always moving

A

True

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20
Q

Groundwater

A

Refers to underground water in the subsurface zone

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21
Q

Zone of saturation

A

Refers to underground water in the subsurface zone where spaces are completely filled with water

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22
Q

Aquifers

A

Where groundwater is stored

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23
Q

Porosity

A

Measure of the “empty spaces” of a material

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24
Q

Permeability

A

Is a measure of ability of material to transmit water though interconnected pores/voids

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25
Q

Aquicludes

A

Are impermeable layers in an aquifer system that prevent water from infiltrating

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26
Q

Confided aquifer

A

Surrounded by aquicludes
Take a longer time to recharge since water cannot readily percolate through the soil to the aquifer given the presence of impermeable layer.
Do not require pumps

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27
Q

Artesian wells

A

When a well opening is drilled into a confined aquifer

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28
Q

Cone of Depression

A

When humans rapidly extract water from an aquifer, the water table near the well will lower and the well may run dry. This local lowering of the water table near and overused well is called this

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29
Q

Land Subsidence

A

When humans extract water from an aquifer faster than water is recharged to the aquifer, the pores formerly filled with water will compact

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30
Q

Karst Landscapes

A

In areas where the underlying bedrock is limestone or some other water-soluble rock (Florida)

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31
Q

Weakly acidic rainfall dissolves carbonate (limestone) rock and results in the formation of solution cavities in the bedrock. These cavities grow in time and form an ____________ system of __________ and __________. Discharge of groundwater through ____________ occurs at the openings of the ________ to the surface.

A

Underground, caverns, water transport, natural springs, aquifer

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32
Q

As solution cavities grow in the bedrock, they can cause __________ to sink or collapse. This is how ________ form.

A

Overburden, sinkholes

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33
Q

Dissolution Sinkholes

A

Form when limestone under a thin layer of sandy soil dissolves near the surface and gradually leads to the development of depression in the land

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34
Q

Cover subsidence sinkholes

A

Form when the overburden is composed of a thicker layer of sand. As the solution cavities in the bedrock grow, sand from the overburden spills into into the cavity, causing a depression.

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35
Q

Cover Collapse Sinkholes

A

Form when the overburden includes lots of clay. The dissolution cavities grow and eventually the clay overburden collapses suddenly into the cavity.

36
Q

Where do the energy from waves come from

A

The wind
The stronger the wind the higher the waves

37
Q

Wave Crest

A

The highest point of the wave

38
Q

Wave Trough

A

The lowest point of the wave

39
Q

Wavelength

A

Is the horizontal distance (length) between two wave crests

40
Q

Wave refraction

A

When waves reach the shoreline at an oblique angle, can be caused by wind direction, underground topography, currents, and etc

41
Q

Longshore current

A

Originated parallel to the ocean results from wave refraction

42
Q

Which way do longshore currents usually move

A

From north to south in the US

43
Q

Headland

A

Is the part of the shore that extends out into the ocean like a peninsula

44
Q

Headlands recieve more ______ from wave action, and thus ______ happens faster

A

Energy, erosion

45
Q

Barrier Island

A

Enough sediment will get deposited on an underwater sandbar in shallow water just offshore that the sandbar will poke out up above the water level

46
Q

Spit

A

When longshore current crashes onto the bay at an angle, it will deposit sediment sideways across the bay.

47
Q

Baymouth Bar

A

When the spit cuts off the bay entirely

48
Q

Jetties

A

Are structures that jut out into the ocean at the mouth of a bay, river, or inlet

49
Q

Groins

A

Like jetties just not the mouth of a bay river etc.

50
Q

Breakwaters

A

Are rock structures that are built out to sea a little ways
They disrupt and slow down waves before they reach the shore.

51
Q

Tombolos

A

Sediment accumulates behind breakwaters, eventually forming little sandbar peninsulas

52
Q

Emergent Coastlines

A

Have rugged looks (Pacific Coast)
Sea levels are falling
Cliffs

53
Q

Submergent Coastlines

A

Sea level rise
Smooth coastlines (Florida) (East Coast)
Wide Coastline

54
Q

What is the ITCZ

A

An area of low pressure near the Equator, often seen as a line of clouds

55
Q

Seasons are caused by the distance between Earth and Sun

A

False

56
Q

What law relates the temperature of an object to the amount of radiation it emits

A

Stefan-Boltzmann Law

57
Q

Which of the following is a correct definition for the given type of humidity?

A

Relative the % of water vapor in a parcel relative to its capacity

58
Q

What does it mean for an air parcel to be saturated

A

Relative humidity = 100%
Mixing ratio = saturation mixing ratio
Vapor pressure = saturation vapor pressure

59
Q

When is a sea breeze most common in coastal Florida

A

Summer daytime

60
Q

Describe E Climates

A

Cold

61
Q

Exfoliation is this type of weathering

A

Physical (Mechanical)

62
Q

What is the correct order of these events

A

Weathering, mass wasting, erosion

63
Q

The Himalayas are the highest mountains on Earth. What formed them

A

Convergent Boundaries

64
Q

What formed the Hawaiian Islands

A

Volcanoes along a hot spring

65
Q

What is the difference between river “competence” and river “capacity”

A

Competence: how large an object it can move
Capacity: How much it carries

66
Q

What is the river’s Bedload

A

The larger sand grains and gravel that roll or bounce along the bottom

67
Q

Florida’s bedrock is this type

A

Limestone, a type of sedimentary rock

68
Q

What can cause sea levels to change?

A

Melting of the glaciers on dry land
Changes in ocean temperatures
Vertical movement of continental crust

69
Q

What kind of water takes up the most space

A

Warm

70
Q

Where is ground water stored

A

Aquifers

71
Q

What is the geologic term for a landscape made up of water soluble rock like limestone

A

Karst

72
Q

What type of sinkhole forms the most suddenly

A

Cover collapse sinkhole

73
Q

When is the most common moth for sinkhole occurrence in Florida

A

January

74
Q

Why is January a common month for sinkhole occurrence in Florida

A

Irrigation is common to protect citrus from common freezes

75
Q

What is another common time of year for sinkholes in Florida

A

Late spring: April and May

76
Q

Why is late spring a common time for sinkholes in Florida

A

Irrigation of water-stressed crops at the end of the dry season

77
Q

Which of the following is evidence supporting Continental Drift Theory

A

Continental coastlines fit like puzzle pieces
Similar fossils at locations that are now far away from each other
New rock found at divergent undersea plate boundary

78
Q

What climate conditions are associated with pedzolization as the dominant pedogenic regime

A

Cool and rainy

79
Q

Layers of the Earth from outermost to innermost

A

Crust, mantle, liquid core, solid core

80
Q

What is calculated by measuring the distance between two wave crests

A

Wavelength

81
Q

Much of the southeast US and Caribbean is the type of coastline

A

Submergent

82
Q

Much of the Pacific Coast of the US and Canada is this type of coastline

A

Emergent

83
Q

What’s the term for a narrow strip of sand that is gradually deposited across a bay because of the longshore current

A

Spit

84
Q

You put a GPS tracker on a grain of sand in Daytona and track it for 10 years. What direction would you expect it to move

A

South towards miami

85
Q

Which of the following is human-built feature designed to disrupt coastal sediment transport

A

Jetty, Breakwater, and Groin

Rock Class (3 decks)

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