Final Exam

Question 1

Erosion

Answer 1

The removal, transport, and deposition of weathered material over a very large distances, often (though not always) by water.

Question 2

Fluvial erosion

Answer 2

Erosion resulting from streams- any channel flowing water

Question 3

How do fluvial erosions begin

Answer 3

When water moves in thin sheets downslope (overland flow). Eventually the moving water forms channels. The hydraulic power of the channel flow scours out deeper gullies and eventually connects to the drainage system of a valley

Question 4

Sinuous Stream Channels

Answer 4

Have gentle irregular curvature.
Very common.
As stream gradient lessens (the slope down which the stream flows flatten), the sinuosity increases

Question 5

Straight Stream Channels

Answer 5

Are relatively rare and typically only occur over short distances.
Straight channels are typically controlled by the underlying geological structure

Question 6

Braided Stream Channels

Answer 6

Occur in streams that carry large amounts of sediment
Braided channels consist of numerous interwoven channels

Question 7

Meandering Stream Channels

Answer 7

Occur over flatter land with lower gradients and are characterized by tightly curving serpentine stream channels

Question 8

Competence

Answer 8

Refers to the size of the largest object that a stream can transport
Higher competence means a stream can transport larger objects
Competence primarily depends on stream velocity, such that moving faster moving streams have higher stream competence.

Question 9

Capacity

Answer 9

A stream is the amount of material a stream a stream can transport
Capacity depends both on stream velocity and stream volume

Question 10

Stream load

Answer 10

The material transported by a stream

Question 11

Dissolved load

Answer 11

Is the minerals dissolved in the moving stream water

Question 12

Suspended load

Answer 12

The fine clay and silt particles that move along the stream via suspension and never touch the stream bed

Question 13

Bedload

Answer 13

Is the larger sand grains and gravel that bounce along the bottom of the stream (saltation) or for larger objects, get dragged along the stream bed (traction)
Bedload moves slower than the dissolved and suspended loads above it (closer to the surface) because of friction

Question 14

Valley depending

Answer 14

Happens in areas with steeper stream gradients when the fast moving water erodes away rock and forms v-shaped valleys- a process called Dow cutting.
The hydraulic power of the fast-moving water and abrasion from eroded material along the stream bed erode the valley and create deep canyons

Question 15

Valley Widening

Answer 15

Happens in areas with low stream gradients (flat land), the water slows down and the stream takes on a more meandering flow.

Question 16

Faster moving water along the _______ of a meander erodes _______ the bank (a cut bank) and widens the valley. Slower moving water in the _______ of a meander redúceles the streams competence and capacity and results in decomposition along a point bar.

Answer 16

Outside, away, inside

Question 17

Delta Formation

Answer 17

Occurs when the stream enters a larger body of water
The flow velocity drops rapidly, which causes the stream competence and capacity to decrease and results in depositions of the stream load in a delta

Question 18

How much water is stored in the oceans

Answer 18

97%

Question 19

Water is always moving

Answer 19

True

Question 20

Groundwater

Answer 20

Refers to underground water in the subsurface zone

Question 21

Zone of saturation

Answer 21

Refers to underground water in the subsurface zone where spaces are completely filled with water

Question 22

Aquifers

Answer 22

Where groundwater is stored

Question 23

Porosity

Answer 23

Measure of the “empty spaces” of a material

Question 24

Permeability

Answer 24

Is a measure of ability of material to transmit water though interconnected pores/voids

Question 25

Aquicludes

Answer 25

Are impermeable layers in an aquifer system that prevent water from infiltrating

Question 26

Confided aquifer

Answer 26

Surrounded by aquicludes Take a longer time to recharge since water cannot readily percolate through the soil to the aquifer given the presence of impermeable layer. Do not require pumps

Question 27

Artesian wells

Answer 27

When a well opening is drilled into a confined aquifer

Question 28

Cone of Depression

Answer 28

When humans rapidly extract water from an aquifer, the water table near the well will lower and the well may run dry. This local lowering of the water table near and overused well is called this

Question 29

Land Subsidence

Answer 29

When humans extract water from an aquifer faster than water is recharged to the aquifer, the pores formerly filled with water will compact

Question 30

Karst Landscapes

Answer 30

In areas where the underlying bedrock is limestone or some other water-soluble rock (Florida)

Question 31

Weakly acidic rainfall dissolves carbonate (limestone) rock and results in the formation of solution cavities in the bedrock. These cavities grow in time and form an ____________ system of __________ and __________. Discharge of groundwater through ____________ occurs at the openings of the ________ to the surface.

Answer 31

Underground, caverns, water transport, natural springs, aquifer

Question 32

As solution cavities grow in the bedrock, they can cause __________ to sink or collapse. This is how ________ form.

Answer 32

Overburden, sinkholes

Question 33

Dissolution Sinkholes

Answer 33

Form when limestone under a thin layer of sandy soil dissolves near the surface and gradually leads to the development of depression in the land

Question 34

Cover subsidence sinkholes

Answer 34

Form when the overburden is composed of a thicker layer of sand. As the solution cavities in the bedrock grow, sand from the overburden spills into into the cavity, causing a depression.

Question 35

Cover Collapse Sinkholes

Answer 35

Form when the overburden includes lots of clay. The dissolution cavities grow and eventually the clay overburden collapses suddenly into the cavity.

Question 36

Where do the energy from waves come from

Answer 36

The wind The stronger the wind the higher the waves

Question 37

Wave Crest

Answer 37

The highest point of the wave

Question 38

Wave Trough

Answer 38

The lowest point of the wave

Question 39

Wavelength

Answer 39

Is the horizontal distance (length) between two wave crests

Question 40

Wave refraction

Answer 40

When waves reach the shoreline at an oblique angle, can be caused by wind direction, underground topography, currents, and etc

Question 41

Longshore current

Answer 41

Originated parallel to the ocean results from wave refraction

Question 42

Which way do longshore currents usually move

Answer 42

From north to south in the US

Question 43

Headland

Answer 43

Is the part of the shore that extends out into the ocean like a peninsula

Question 44

Headlands recieve more ______ from wave action, and thus ______ happens faster

Answer 44

Energy, erosion

Question 45

Barrier Island

Answer 45

Enough sediment will get deposited on an underwater sandbar in shallow water just offshore that the sandbar will poke out up above the water level

Question 46

Spit

Answer 46

When longshore current crashes onto the bay at an angle, it will deposit sediment sideways across the bay.

Question 47

Baymouth Bar

Answer 47

When the spit cuts off the bay entirely

Question 48

Jetties

Answer 48

Are structures that jut out into the ocean at the mouth of a bay, river, or inlet

Question 49

Groins

Answer 49

Like jetties just not the mouth of a bay river etc.

Question 50

Breakwaters

Answer 50

Are rock structures that are built out to sea a little ways They disrupt and slow down waves before they reach the shore.

Question 51

Tombolos

Answer 51

Sediment accumulates behind breakwaters, eventually forming little sandbar peninsulas

Question 52

Emergent Coastlines

Answer 52

Have rugged looks (Pacific Coast) Sea levels are falling Cliffs

Question 53

Submergent Coastlines

Answer 53

Sea level rise Smooth coastlines (Florida) (East Coast) Wide Coastline

Question 54

What is the ITCZ

Answer 54

An area of low pressure near the Equator, often seen as a line of clouds

Question 55

Seasons are caused by the distance between Earth and Sun

Answer 55

False

Question 56

What law relates the temperature of an object to the amount of radiation it emits

Answer 56

Stefan-Boltzmann Law

Question 57

Which of the following is a correct definition for the given type of humidity?

Answer 57

Relative the % of water vapor in a parcel relative to its capacity

Question 58

What does it mean for an air parcel to be saturated

Answer 58

Relative humidity = 100% Mixing ratio = saturation mixing ratio Vapor pressure = saturation vapor pressure

Question 59

When is a sea breeze most common in coastal Florida

Answer 59

Summer daytime

Question 60

Describe E Climates

Answer 60

Cold

Question 61

Exfoliation is this type of weathering

Answer 61

Physical (Mechanical)

Question 62

What is the correct order of these events

Answer 62

Weathering, mass wasting, erosion

Question 63

The Himalayas are the highest mountains on Earth. What formed them

Answer 63

Convergent Boundaries

Question 64

What formed the Hawaiian Islands

Answer 64

Volcanoes along a hot spring

Question 65

What is the difference between river “competence” and river “capacity”

Answer 65

Competence: how large an object it can move Capacity: How much it carries

Question 66

What is the river’s Bedload

Answer 66

The larger sand grains and gravel that roll or bounce along the bottom

Question 67

Florida’s bedrock is this type

Answer 67

Limestone, a type of sedimentary rock

Question 68

What can cause sea levels to change?

Answer 68

Melting of the glaciers on dry land Changes in ocean temperatures Vertical movement of continental crust

Question 69

What kind of water takes up the most space

Answer 69

Warm

Question 70

Where is ground water stored

Answer 70

Aquifers

Question 71

What is the geologic term for a landscape made up of water soluble rock like limestone

Answer 71

Karst

Question 72

What type of sinkhole forms the most suddenly

Answer 72

Cover collapse sinkhole

Question 73

When is the most common moth for sinkhole occurrence in Florida

Answer 73

January

Question 74

Why is January a common month for sinkhole occurrence in Florida

Answer 74

Irrigation is common to protect citrus from common freezes

Question 75

What is another common time of year for sinkholes in Florida

Answer 75

Late spring: April and May

Question 76

Why is late spring a common time for sinkholes in Florida

Answer 76

Irrigation of water-stressed crops at the end of the dry season

Question 77

Which of the following is evidence supporting Continental Drift Theory

Answer 77

Continental coastlines fit like puzzle pieces Similar fossils at locations that are now far away from each other New rock found at divergent undersea plate boundary

Question 78

What climate conditions are associated with pedzolization as the dominant pedogenic regime

Answer 78

Cool and rainy

Question 79

Layers of the Earth from outermost to innermost

Answer 79

Crust, mantle, liquid core, solid core

Question 80

What is calculated by measuring the distance between two wave crests

Answer 80

Wavelength

Question 81

Much of the southeast US and Caribbean is the type of coastline

Answer 81

Submergent

Question 82

Much of the Pacific Coast of the US and Canada is this type of coastline

Answer 82

Emergent

Question 83

What’s the term for a narrow strip of sand that is gradually deposited across a bay because of the longshore current

Answer 83

Spit

Question 84

You put a GPS tracker on a grain of sand in Daytona and track it for 10 years. What direction would you expect it to move

Answer 84

South towards miami

Question 85

Which of the following is human-built feature designed to disrupt coastal sediment transport

Answer 85

Jetty, Breakwater, and Groin