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ICD > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Paul-Elder Critical Thinking Framework

A

Intellectual standards→Elements of reasoning→Intellectual traits→Intellectual standards

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2
Q

Accuracy, precision, clarity, depth, significance, relevance, logic, fairness

A

Intellectual standards

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3
Q

Purpose, inferences, question, concepts, POV, implications, info, assumptions

A

Elements of reasoning

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4
Q

Humility, perseverance, autonomy, empathy, fair-minded, integrity, courage

A

Intellectual traits

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5
Q

__ is the intellectually disciplined process of actively and skillfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing and/or evaluating information gathered from, or generated by, observation, experience, reflection, reasoning, or communication, as a guide to belied and action

A

Critical thinking

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6
Q

Purpose, question at issue, information, concepts, assumptions, interpretation, implications, points of view

A

Elements of thought

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7
Q

Clarity, accuracy, precision, relevance, depth, breadth, logic, significance, fairness

A

Intellectual Standards

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8
Q

Intellectual integrity, intellectual fair-mindedness, intellectual courage, confidence in reasoning, intellectual perseverance, intellectual humility, intellectual autonomy, intellectual empathy,

A

Intellectual traits

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9
Q

Always document any __ on chart (diagnostic images)
Receive/send out __ in writing

A

medical/dental history
referrals

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10
Q

Written consent for a procedure
Giving the pt information to make the best choice
Pt agrees/signs that they had the opportunity to ask questions and all their questions were answered

A

Informed Consent

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11
Q

Informed consent only protects against __

A

non-negligent tx

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12
Q

Monitor online reputation
Be professional when replying
Always maintain pt privacy/HIPAA

A

Online Reviews

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13
Q

Neurodevelopmental/ Intellectual Developmental disorders.

A

A disorder of mental and adaptive functioning
(Is not a disease or mental illness)

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14
Q

4 categories of neurodevelopmental/ intellectual developmental disorders

A

Medical
Brain Damage
Genetic
Psychiatric

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15
Q

Autism -
Down Syndrome -
Fragile X Syndrome -
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome -
Cerebral Palsy -

A

(psychiatric)

(genetic)

(genetic)

(medical)***preventable!!

(brain damage)

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16
Q

Access to Health Care issues for Neurodevelopmental/ Intellectual Developmental disorders.

A

Live in nursing homes, group homes, adult day programs, intermediate care facilities
Difficult to get to a dentist office

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17
Q

Typical oral health issues.
of Neurodevelopmental/ Intellectual Developmental disorders.(7)

A

Periodontal Disease
Dental Caries
Malocclusion
Missing Permanent Teeth and Delayed Eruption*
Teeth with developmental defects (Enamel Hypoplasia)*
Damaging Oral Habits
Trauma and Injury

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18
Q

Reduce distractions
Communication with Caregiver
Communication with Patient
Consistency
Active Listening

A

Mental Strategies

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19
Q

Communication with Caregiver
Scheduling
Reward/Compliments

A

Behavior Strategies

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20
Q

Maintain clear path
Wheelchair transfer

A

Physical Strategies

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21
Q

Cardiovascular Anomalies

A

Mitral valve prolapse

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22
Q

Caregiver oral health techniques.

A

Give oral health instruction to caregiver
Create oral hygiene education community programs

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23
Q

Oral Hygiene positioning, modifications, limitations, and armamentarium

A

Stand behind person with patient seated or lying down
Stabilize patient’s head

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24
Q

Inability to reach mouth:
Difficulty holding brush:

A

extended handle
use a wider handle, strap, or tennis ball

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25
Q

Surround toothbrush
Collis curve brush
Suction toothbrush
Mouth props
Papoose (kid burrito)
Fluoride treatment

A

Armamentarium (For development disorders)

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26
Q

Appropriate communication principles for pediatric patients (5)

A

Tell, show, do
Voice control
Positive reinforcement
Distractions
Modeling

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27
Q

Controlled modulation of voice to direct the patient’s behaviors
Should only be done with parents permission
Should never be done in anger

A

Voice control

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28
Q

Reward positive behavior
Social rewards
- Voice tone
- Praise
Nonsocial rewards
- Tokens
- Prizes

A

Positive reinforcement

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29
Q

Divert the child’s attention from what might be perceived as unpleasant
Visual
- Television
- Tablet
Auditory
- Story telling
- Music

A

Distractions

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30
Q

Dentist demonstrates while sibling watches

A

Modeling

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31
Q

Treatment options for children.

A

Encourage child to drink water and reduce exposure to sugary drinks

Fillings/crowns/extractions

Nonoperative treatment

Medical immobilization

Sedation

General anesthesia

Diet modification

3 month recall

Establish dental home

Establish aggressive caries
prevention plan

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32
Q

Defined by impairments in the following areas
- Physical
- developmental
- Mental
- Sensory
- Behavioral
- Cognitive
- Emotional

A

Special needs

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33
Q

Behavior & behavior guidance

A

Ask parent questions about the child’s behavior to help determine how child may behave

Tell-show-do, voice control, positive reinforcement, distraction, modeling

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34
Q

Frankl behavior rating:
– (1: __)
- (2: __)
+ (3: __)
++ (4: __)

A

refusal
reluctant
cautious but accepting
definitely positive

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35
Q

Oral health effects of Tobacco use.

A

Gingival recession
bone loss
root surface caries
Leukoplakia
precancerous white patch
oral/pharyngeal cancer
periodontitis
staining
halitosis (bad breath)
reduction in wound healing
mouth sores
hairy tongue
altered sense of taste

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36
Q

mixture of more than 7000 chemicals and over 70 are carcinogenic

A

Secondhand smoke

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37
Q

Children exposed to tobacco have greater risk of

A

decreased lung function
Asthma
SIDS
respiratory infection
- Pneumonia
- bronchitis
ear infection

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38
Q

not regulated by FDA; less harmful but not harmless, have fewer toxins and no tar but risk for cancer; pt used should be discouraged

A

E-Cigs

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39
Q

some forms have higher amounts of nicotine than cigarettes; users are 50 times more likely to develop cancers of the cheek, gum, and lining of the lips

A

Smokeless tobacco (Dip)

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40
Q

Health consequences of smokeless tobacco use

A

periodontal effects (gum recession, bone loss, cavities), oral leukoplakia (pre-cancerous white patch), oral/pharyngeal cancer

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41
Q

Why people smoke

A

stress, social, attention

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42
Q

Dopamine →
- Appetite suppression
Norepinephrine →
- Appetite suppression
Acetylcholine →
- Cognitive enhancement
Glutamate →
- Memory enhancement
Serotonin →
- Appetite suppression
B-endorphin/GABA →
- Inhibitory

A

Pleasure
Arousal
arousal
Learning
Mood modulation
Reduction of anxiety and tension

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43
Q

Stages of changes for quitting nicotine (5)

A

Pre-contemplation
Contemplation
Preparation
Action
Maintenance

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44
Q

Not ready for change

A

precontemplation

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45
Q

Thinking about change

A

Contemplation

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46
Q

Getting ready to make change

A

Preparation

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47
Q

Making the change

A

Action

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48
Q

sustaining the behavior change until integrated into lifestyle

A

Maintenance

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49
Q

Five A’s to help patients stop smoking

A

Ask
(About use, history, and smoking habits)
Advise
(Discuss health risks and encourage to quit)
Assess
(Willingness to quit)
Assist
(With quit attempt and help create an action plan)
Arrange
(Follow-up care)

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50
Q

5 R’s to increase motivation to quit

A

Relevance
(Why quitting is personally relevant)
Risks
(Negative consequences of smoking)
Rewards
(Benefits of smoking cessation)
Roadblocks
(Identify barriers to quitting)
Repetition
(Repeat every time during patient visit)

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51
Q

Pharmacotherapy/ Medications (FDA approved) - there are only SEVEN that are approved (That help with nicotine)

A

Nicotine gum
Nicotine patch
Nicotine inhaler
Nicotine lozenge
Nasal spray
Bupropion (Zyban)
Varenicline (Chantix) - no nicotine

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52
Q

Etiologic factors of gingivitis and periodontal disease.

A

Biofilm microbes, not necessarily calculus

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53
Q

Understand etiology and progression of oral disease
Etiological factor:

A

biofilm microbes

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54
Q

Plaque starts as __
Mostly gram __ microbes
Invades the gingival sulcus
- Gram __ microbes
- More __
- Production of __
(lipopolysaccharides)

A

supragingival
positive
negative
motile
endotoxins

55
Q

Inflammation of gingival tissues
Stage I -
Stage II -
Stage III -
Stage IV -

A

Subclinical
Early
established
Advanced

56
Q

inflammation extends into the attachment apparatus (alveolar bone, cementum, PDL)

A

Periodontitis

57
Q

More gram negative microbes (polymorphus gingivalis, prevotella intermedia)

A

Periodontitis

58
Q

inflammation of the gingival tissues; plaque starts as supragingival (mostly gram positive microbes); gingival sulcus invaded by gram negative microbes (more motile, produce endotoxins/LPS)

A

Gingivitis

59
Q

Gingivitis
Stage 1 -
Stage 2 -
Stage 3 -
Stage 4 -

A

Subclinical
Early
Established
Advanced

60
Q

__ (slow rate)—>non smoker/ no diabetes
__ (moderate rate)—> x<10 cigs daily, HbA1c <7.0%
__ (rapid rate)—> x>10 cigs daily, HbA1c >7.0%

A

Grade A
Grade B
Grade C

61
Q

sticky, colorless film of bacteria that forms on teeth and gumline.

A

Plaque

62
Q

If not removed, plaque can harden into a yellow or brown substance called

A

calculus
(Calculus is harder to remove than plaque and can cause gum disease and tooth decay.)

63
Q

Both plaque and calculus contribute to poor oral health. Plaque can cause tooth decay and gum disease by producing __ that erodes the enamel of teeth and irritates gums. Calculus, on the other hand, can lead to more serious dental problems such as __, which is a severe form of gum disease that can damage the bone and tissues that support teeth.

A

acid
periodontitis

64
Q

Basics of periodontal probing technique.

A

Walking stroke
10g-20g pressure
Record deepest measurement per site
Keep tip of probe below gingival margin
Proper angulation (keep probe flush with tooth surface)

65
Q

Recognize common dietary items that affect oral disease
Nutritional deficiencies

A

Vit A, B1, B2, B6, C
Vit C (ascorbic acid)
- Scurvy: Defective formation and maintenance of connective tissue

66
Q

Recognize common dietary items that affect oral disease
Dietary considerations

A

Level of cariogenic carbohydrates
Consumption habits
Acid in diet
Fluoride exposures

67
Q

Identify instruments need to retrieve periodontal numbers

A

Periodontal probe

68
Q

Fuzzy section
Built in threader
Good for bridges, implants, orthodontic appliances

A

Super floss

69
Q

For Bridges, orthodontics, bonded teeth

A

Floss threaders

70
Q

Great for Blunted papilla
Open embrasures
Open contacts
Remember: BOO

A

Interdental brush

71
Q

Stimulants blood flow in gingival tissue
Dislodges debris

A

Rubber tip stimulator

72
Q

Small area of bristles
Small head
Great for
-Missing teeth
- Distal molars with recession
- Hard to reach areas

A

End tufted brush

73
Q

Furcations, perio pockets*, bridges, orthodontics
Does NOT replace floss

A

Irrigation devices

74
Q

Most effective antimicrobial agent

A

Mouth rinse
Chlorhexidine 0.12%

75
Q

Chlorhexidine 0.12%
__ reduction in plaque initially
__ reduction long term

A

60%
45-55%

76
Q

Side effects of chlorhexidine

A

Staining
Altered taste
Increase calculus

77
Q

Toothpastes

A

Sodium fluoride
Stannous fluoride
- Antimicrobial

78
Q

Anticalculus agents

A
  • Soluble pyrophosphate
    • Zinc citrate
79
Q

Toothbrushes
__ bristle, change every __months

A

Soft
3

80
Q

More strokes
Built in timer
Pressure sensor
motivating

A

Electronic toothbrush

81
Q

Bristles at 45 degree angle to gumline
Small circular motions
Roll bristles towards the occlusal plane before moving to the next area
Sulcular brushing

A

Modified bass brushing technique

82
Q

Understand flossing

A

18 in. floss
Wrap around middle fingers
Leave 2-3 inches between fingers
Wrap around the tip of the index fingers
Slide floss under papilla
Wrap floss around tooth
- “C” shape
Pull floss back and forth
- “Shoe shine”
Move up and down
Repeat on other side of contact

83
Q

Punishment __ behavior
Reinforcement __ behavior

A

decreases
increases

84
Q

Ways to increase patient cooperation

A

Buy in (motivated patient)
Avoid information overload
Discuss benefits
Talk about prior experiences

85
Q

Explain instructions
Avoid __
Allow time for __

A

overly technical jargon
questions

86
Q

Set attainable goals

A

Reinforce for next visit
Floss 3 times per week
Explain the evaluation at next visit
Clear criteria
Creates accountability

87
Q

continuous biological, psychological, and social process beginning with conception and ending with death

A

Aging

88
Q

NO definition of

A

Old

89
Q

remaining life from certain point in time

A

Life Expectancy

90
Q

Life expectancy of
Males-
Females-
Overall-

A

73.5 years
79.3 years
76.4 years

91
Q

period of time that one has lived (oldest= 122)

A

Life span

92
Q

of years from birth to death of every person

A

Lifetime

93
Q

Classification Systems

A

Chronological age (young vs. old)
Dependency status (independence/ frailty)

94
Q

(ADLs)

A

Activities of daily living

95
Q

(IADLs)

A

Instrumental activities of daily living (eating, survival, etc)

96
Q

Major emotional changes __ a normal part of aging (but common)

A

are NOT

97
Q

Depression in old people

A

15-20% depression

98
Q

Hearing Impairment
30% of adults __
47% of adults __
Remove mask to speak

A

65-74
75+

99
Q

IF someone has Vision Impairment

A

Adequate lighting, color distinctions in office

100
Q

If someone has trouble with Spatial Awareness
- __ hazard
- Help patients __

A

Fall
into chair

101
Q

Cognitive Changes
Declining __
May forget __

A

memory
drugs/ med history
“Which of these three drugs are you taking?”

102
Q

General Patient Assessment ( of the elderly)

A

Higher prevalence of chronic diseases

Underreporting on paperwork

Ask Patient to bring all medications to dental office with them

Assessment of nutritional status (chewing/ swallowing difficulties)

103
Q

Oral Hygiene Issues and Common Findings of the elderly

A

Xerostomia with medications (not a normal side effect of aging)

Decreased pulp size (less sensitive)

Enamel is more brittle and darker

Perio, Erosion, Abrasion, Attrition (bruxism)

Dentures

Thin Skin

Impaired range of motion for brushing/ flossing

104
Q

Ageism effects on elderly

A

Still has the ability to learn new things, but may take more time
Elder abuse
Infantilism

105
Q

Implications of aging/ elderly patients on dentistry.

A

Elderly increasing in #

Elderly generate as much income as other age groups

Issues of access for homebound and nursing home bound
Wheelchair transfers

106
Q

Makes a bridge between wheelchair and dental chair
Patient slides onto board and over to dental chair

A

Sliding board transfer

107
Q

2 person method

A

Determine patients needs and abilities

Prepare the dental operatory

Prepare the wheelchair
- Lock wheels
- Remove arm rests

Perform the two person transfer
First clinician
- Stand behind patient and place your arms under patients upper arms and grasp wrists

Second clinician
- Place both hands under the patients lower thighs

Position the patient after transfer

Transfer from dental chair to wheelchair

108
Q

Balance sheet

A

assets - liabilities = net worth

109
Q

Income statement

A

income - expenses = profit (or loss)

Shows money flow over time

Expenses increase the more dentistry you do

Indicates taxable income

110
Q

Cash flow

A

cash inflows = cash outflows

Cash receipts & disbursements over time

Shows spending patterns, saving & investments

Depreciation affects cash flow by reducing the amount of cash a business must pay in income taxes

111
Q

Estimate future spending based on historical patterns

A

Budget statement

112
Q

Pro Forma

A

Projected statement, any 4

Pro forma documents are financial statements that project future financial performance. They are typically used in business planning, budgeting, and forecasting.

113
Q

Capital business used day-to-day operations
“Extra cash”

A

Working capital

114
Q

Amoxicillin 2000 mg or clindamycin 600 mg (adult)
Amox. 50 mg/kg or clind. 20mg/kg (children)

A

Antibiotics

115
Q

NSAIDS for dental pain

A

NSAID + acetaminophen for moderate-severe pain

116
Q

Antimicrobial mouth rinses

A

Peridex (Chlorhexidine 0.12%)

117
Q

Antifungals

A

Nystatin

118
Q

Antivirals

A

“-vir” medications (acycloVIR)

119
Q

Oral soft tissue meds for ulcerative/erosive disorders

A

Magic MouthWash, prednisone

120
Q

Xerostomia TX

A

Biotene

121
Q

Oral hygiene tx

A

Prevident (toothpaste)

122
Q

Heading of prescription

A

Prescriber name, address, #
Pt info
Date

123
Q

Body of prescription

A

Medication
Instructions for pharmacist
Directions to pt

124
Q

Closing of prescription

A

Prescriber signature, DEA#, License#, # refills

125
Q

Schedule I-

A

not for medical use (heroin, LSD)

126
Q

Schedule II-

A

high abuse potential (morphine, codeine, adderall)

127
Q

Schedule III-

A

less chance addiction (tylenol + codeine, steroids, ketamine)

128
Q

Schedule IV -

A

low abuse (xanax, valium, klonopin)

129
Q

Schedule V -

A

no prescription required (cough syrups)

130
Q

Use __ system prior to prescribing schedule drugs and obtain DEA #

A

KASPER (Kentucky drug monitoring program)

131
Q

Cannot issue an Rx for more than a __ supply of a schedule __ drug (unless certain conditions are met)

A

3 day
II/III

132
Q

May provide 1 refill within __ if initial Rx for same controlled substance

A

30 days

133
Q

Mission is to enforce the controlled substance laws and regulation of the United States
Must apply for license and renew every 3 years

A

DEA (drug enforcement administration)

ICD (2 decks)

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