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psychology of personality - 403 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

Cumulative Exam

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1
Q

What is Personality?

A

An Individual’s unique and relatively consistent patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving

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2
Q

What is Reliability?

A

Consistency of findings or results of a psychology research study

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3
Q

What is Validity?

A

The data collected is accurate and represents the truth compared to others outside the study

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4
Q

What is Self-Report Data (S-Data)?

A

A Person’s evaluation of his or her own personality

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5
Q

What are the ADVANTAGES of Self-Report Data (S-Data)?

A
  • Large Amounts of Information
  • Access to thoughts, feelings, and intentions
  • Simple and Easy
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6
Q

What are the DISADVANTAGES of Self-Report Data (S-Data)?

A
  • Bias
  • Error
  • To simple and to easy
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7
Q

What is Informant Data (I-Data)?

A

Judgement by knowledgeable informants about general attributes of the Individual’s personality

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8
Q

What are the ADVANTAGES of Informant Data (I-Data)?

A
  • Large amount of Information
  • Real-World Basis
  • Common Sense
  • Definitional Truth
  • Causal Force
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9
Q

What are the DISADVANTAGES of Informant Data (I-Data)?

A
  • Limited Behavioral Information
  • Lack of Access to Private Experience
  • Error (more likely to remember extreme, unusual, or emotionally arousing
  • Bias
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10
Q

What is Behavioral Observed Data (B-Data)?

A

Data taken by observation of anothers behavior and put into numbers

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11
Q

What are the ADVANTAGES of Behavioral Observed Data (B-Data)?

A
  • Range of Context
  • Appearance of objectively
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12
Q

What are the DISADVANTAGES of Behavioral Observed Data (B-Data)?

A
  • Difficult and Expensive
  • Uncertain Interpretation
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13
Q

What is Life Outcome Data (L-Data)?

A

Information about an Individual gathered from their life record or life history

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14
Q

What are the ADVANTAGES of Life Outcome Data (L-Data)?

A
  • Objective and Verifiable
  • Intrinsic Importance
  • Psychological Relevance
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15
Q

What are the DISADVANTAGES of Life Outcome Data (L-Data)?

A
  • Several different factors in the origin of a disorder
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16
Q

What is Generalizability?

A

Measure of how useful the results of a study are for a broader group of people or situations

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17
Q

What is Effect Size?

A

Tells you how meaningful the relationship between variables or the differences between groups is

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18
Q

What is Moderator Variable?

A

The relation between the independent variable and dependent variable changes across levels of the moderator

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19
Q

What is Cross-Sectional Study?

A

Study of personality development in which people of different are assessed at the same time

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20
Q

What is Cohort Effect?

A

People of different ages may differ because they grew up in different social (and perhaps physical) environments

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21
Q

What is Longitudinal Study?

A

Study of one person’s personality over a long period of time

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22
Q

What is Temperament?

A

The term often used for the “personality” of very young, pre-verbal children
- Activity level
- Emotional Reactivity
- Cheerfulness

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23
Q

What is the Single-Trait Approach?

A

Look closely at a single trait
- Self-Monitoring
-Conscientiousness

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24
Q

What is the Many-Trait Approach?

A

Looking at many traits at once. Try to determine which traits correlate with certain behaviors
- Drug and Alcohol use
- Aggression in Adulthood

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25
Q

What is Essential-Trait Approach?

A

Reduce all traits into those that are most essential or most important
- Big Five

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26
Q

What is Typological Approach?

A

Focuses on identifying types of individuals
- each type is characterized by a particular pattern of traits

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27
Q

What are Hormones?

A

A biological chemical that affects parts of the body some distance from there it is produced

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28
Q

What is the Amygdala?

A

Structure located near the base of the brain that is believed to play a role in emotion, especially negative emotions such as anger and fear

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29
Q

What are Neurotransmitters?

A

A chemical that communicates from one neuron to another

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30
Q

What are Endorphins?

A

“pain-killing” chemicals, blocks the transmission of pain messages to the brain

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31
Q

What is Cortisol?

A
  • Chemical released in response to stress
  • Chronically high levels in people with severe stress, anxiety, and depression
  • Low levels related to Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and sensation seeking
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32
Q

What is Introspection?

A

The task of observing one’s own mental processes

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33
Q

What is Publication Bias?

A

Failingto publish unwanted results of a study to the public; Withholding study results

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34
Q

What is Experience Sampling?

A

Set of data collection methods for gathering systematic self-reports of behaviors, emotions, or experiences as they occur in the individual’s natural environment

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35
Q

What is Countertransference?

A

Therapists independently getting caught up in transferring their own feelings to a client

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36
Q

What is Catharsis?

A

Process of releasing negative emotions such as grief and anger, thereby relieving the adverse psychological impact of these emotions
- Often referred to Venting

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37
Q

What is Ethnocentrism?

A

Seeing the world through a cultural lense

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38
Q

What are the Big Five?

A

O - Openness
C - Conscientiousness
E - Extraversion
A - Agreeableness
N - Neuroticism

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39
Q

What does “Openness” Tell us about behavior?

A

How open-minded, imaginative, creative, and insightful a person is or can be

Represents how willing a person is to try new things

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40
Q

What does “Conscientiousness” Tell us about behavior?

A

Tend to show self-discipline, act dutifully, and aim for achievement; they display planned rather than spontaneous behavior

Refers to an individual’s desire to be careful and dilligent

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41
Q

What does “Extroversion” Tell us about behavior?

A

Active people who are sociable, talkative, and assertive

Measures how energetic, outgoing and confident a person is

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42
Q

What does “Agreeableness” Tell us about behavior?

A

A person’s ability to put other people’s needs above their own.

Refers to how an individual interacts with others

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43
Q

What does “Neuroticism” Tell us about behavior?

A

Increases your risk of experiencing negative emotions
- Irritability
- Anxiety
- Self-Doubt
- Depression

Represents how much someone is inclined to experience negative emotions

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44
Q

What is the Gene-Environment Interaction?

A

Interaction between genes and the physical and social environment

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45
Q

What Factors lead to Publications Bias?

A

Researchers often do not submit their negative findings because their research
- “FAILED”
- Could lose their funding

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46
Q

What is the difference between reliability and validity?

A

Reliability measure the precision of a test

Validity looks at accuracy

47
Q

What is Trait Approach?

A

How people differ psychologically

48
Q

What is Biological Approach?

A

Understand the mind in terms of the body

49
Q

What is Psychoanalytic Approach?

A

Focus on the unconscious mind and internal mental conflict

50
Q

What is Phenomenological Approach?

A

Focuses on peoples conscious experience of the world

  • Humanistic: Understand the meaning and basis of happiness
  • Cross-Cultural: How the experience of reality might be different across cultures
51
Q

What is the Learning and Cognitive Processes Approach?

A
  • Learning: How behavior changes as a result of rewards, punishment, and other life experiences

-Classic Behaviorism: Focuses on overt behavior

-Social Learning: How observation and self-evaluation determine behavior

  • Cognitive Personality: Focuses on cognitive processes, including perception, memory, and thought
52
Q

What is personality assessment?

A

Patterns of behavior : Motives, Intentions, goals, strategies, and how people perceive and construct the world

53
Q

Personality Tests: Projective Tests

A

A personality test in which subjects are shown ambiguous images and asked to interpret them

54
Q

Personality Tests: Projective Tests ADVANTAGES

A
  • Good for breaking the ice
  • Some skilled clinicians may be able to use them to get information not captured by controlled research
55
Q

Personality Tests: Projective Tests DISADVANTAGES

A
  • Validity evidence is scarce
  • Expansive and time-consuming
  • Psychologist cannot be sure about what they mean
56
Q

Personality Tests: Objective Tests

A

Self-reporting system that measures personality traits on “yes” or “no” scale

57
Q

Personality Tests: Objective Tests ADVANTAGES

A
  • Easy to administer
  • Straightforward
58
Q

Personality Tests: Objective Tests DISADVANTAGES

A
  • Oversimplifying complex personality traits
  • Results may be distorted by social desirability or lack of self-awareness
  • People may manipulate their responses to present themselves in a better/worse light
59
Q

How has Freud contributed to modern psychology?

A

Explaining how the right balance between the ID, Ego, and Superego can lead to a healthy personality

60
Q

What is Learning?

A

The change in behavior as a result or function of experience

61
Q

What is Behaviorism?

A

A study of how controlled changes to a subject’s environment affect the subject’s observable behavior

62
Q

What is Functional Analysis?

A

Examines the causes and consequences of behavior

63
Q

What is Habituation?

A

Simplest form of behavior change as a result of experience

64
Q

What is Classic Conditioning?

A

The process in which an automatic, conditioned response is paired with a specific stimuli

65
Q

What is Learned Helpessness?

A

When someone repeatedly faces uncontrollable, stressful situations, then does not exercise control when it becomes available

66
Q

What is Respondent Conditioning?

A

The Acquisition of knowledge in response to environmental signals

  • Allergies are an example of this
67
Q

What is Operant Conditioning?

A

Method of learning that uses rewards and punishment to modify behavior

68
Q

What is Reinforcement?

A

Increase in behavior

69
Q

What is Self-Efficacy?

A

The Expectation that one can accomplish something successfully

70
Q

What is Self-Concept?

A

An overarching idea we have about who we are (physically, emotionally, socially, spiritually)

71
Q

What is Observational Learning?

A

Method of learning that consists of observing and modeling another individual’s behavior, attitudes, or emotional expression

72
Q

What are Goals in psychology?

A

The cognitive representation of a desired state

  • The intention of an activity or a plan
73
Q

What are Strategies?

A

A Planned approach or technique used to influence and modify behavior, thoughts, or emotions

74
Q

What is Procedural Knowledge?

A

Knowledge exercised in the accomplishment of a task

75
Q

What is Declarative Knowledge?

A

Facts and information about a topic

76
Q

What is Emotional Intelligence?

A

The ability to manage both your own emotions and understand the emotions of the people around you

77
Q

What is Cognitive Control?

A

The Process by which goals or plans influence behavior

78
Q

What is Implicit Bias?

A

The subconscious feelings, attitudes, prejudices, and stereotypes an individual has developed due to prior influences and imprints throughout their lives

79
Q

What is Social Learning Theory?

A

The philosophy that people can learn from each other through observation, imitation and modeling

80
Q

What are Cognitive Theories of Personality?

A

Focus on an individual’s self-perception, thoughts, what they value, and attitude toward life events

81
Q

What is the Ontological Self?

A

A somewhat mysterious entity that does the observing and describing

Experiences life and makes decisions; people differ in level of self-awareness

82
Q

What is the Epistemological Self?

A

An object that can be observed and described, statements about the self

(I am friendly. I have brown hair.)

83
Q

What is Declarative Self?

A

All of your conscious knowledge or opinions about your own personality traits

84
Q

What is Procedural Self?

A

Patterns of behavior that are characteristic of an individual and the behaviors though which people express who they are

85
Q

What is Self-Esteem?

A

How we value and perceive ourselves

86
Q

What is Self Schema?

A

All of one’s ideas about the self, organized into coherent systems

87
Q

What is Long Term Memory?

A

Permanent memory storage

88
Q

What is Self-Reference Effect?

A

The Enhancement of long-term memory that comes from thinking how information relates to the self

89
Q

What is Personality Disorder?

A

A mental health condition where people have a lifelong pattern of seeing themselves and reacting to others in ways that cause problems

90
Q

What is Ego-Systonic?

A

Refers to thoughts, feelings, beliefs, or behaviors that one accepts as part of oneself and DOES NOT WANT TO BE CURED OF; even if others find them difficult

91
Q

What is Ego-Dystonic?

A

Refers to troubling thoughts, feelings, beliefs, or behaviors that one experiences as alien or foreign and WOULD LIKE TO GET RID OF

92
Q

What is the “Bad 5”?

A

Negative Affectivity

Detachment

Antagonism

Disinhibition

Psychoticism

93
Q

What is Categorial Approach?

A

Relies on diagnostic criteria to determine the presence or absence of disruptive or other abnormal behaviors

94
Q

The Dimensional Approach?

A

5 out of the 8 symptoms to diagnose major depressive disorders

95
Q

What is Dialectical Behavior Therapy?

A

A type of talk therapy for people who experience emotions very intensely

96
Q

What are the Similarities and Differences of Behaviorism and Social Learning Therapy?

A

Social Learning Theory says internal thoughts impact what behavior response comes out

Behaviorism doesn’t study or feature internal thought processes as an element of action

97
Q

What are the Types of Learning?

A

Classic Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Observational Learning

98
Q

How to Increase Motivation?

A
  • Set an actionable goal
  • Surround yourself with supportive people
  • Identify and treat mental health conditions
99
Q

What are the stages of emotional experiences?

A

Biological Experience (Umwelt)

Social Experience (Mitwelt)

Psychological Experience (Eigenwelt)

100
Q

What are the roles of Self?

A
  • Self-Esteem
  • Actual Self
  • Ideal Self
101
Q

What are Deal Makers in Personality?

A

Traits that promote good relationships

102
Q

What are Deal Breakers in Personality?

A

Traits that prevent or undermine relationships

103
Q

What are the different types of Attachment?

A

Secure attachment style: Feel confident in their relationship

Anxious attachment styles: Intense fear of rejection and abandonment

Avoidant-Dismissive Attachment style: someone avoiding vulnerability, closeness, and intimate attachment to others

Disorganized attachment style: Extreme desire to be in an intimate relationship while simultaneously being intensely afraid of actually being in such a relationship

104
Q

What is Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD)?

A

Extreme pattern of behavior with orderliness, perfectionism, and mental and interpersonal control

At the expense of flexibility, openness, and efficiency

105
Q

What is Schizotypal Personality Disorder?

A

Extremely odd thoughts, strange ideas, unconventional behavior, superstitious beliefs, difficulty with close relationships

106
Q

What is Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD)?

A

Belief one is superior

Expects and needs recognition from others

Expect special treatment and feels entitled

107
Q

What is Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD)?

A

Disregard and violate the rights of others

-Illegal activity
-Impulse Control Struggles and risky behavior
-Irritable, Aggressive, and Irrisponsible

108
Q

What is Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)?

A

Long-standing pattern of instability in mood, interpersonal relationships, and self-image

109
Q

What is Avoidant Personality Disorder?

A

Hypersensitivity to rejection and criticism

110
Q

What is Dependent Personality Disorder?

A

The longterm pattern of passively allowing others to take responsibility for one’s self

  • Difficulty making everyday decisions
  • Needs others to assume responsibility for most major areas of his or her life
111
Q

What is Paranoid Personality Disorder?

A

“People are dangerous”

112
Q

What is Histrionic Personality Disorder?

A

“I need to impress”

Dramatics

113
Q

What is Schizoid Personality Disorder?

A

“I need plenty of space”

Isolation

114
Q

What Major Theories of Personality Disorders did we discuss?

A

Psychodynamic: Passively obtain needs and/or ambivalent about choice

Interpersonal: Desperate search for acceptance and approval from others

Cognitive: Self-Schema includes positive and negative thoughts

Biopsychosocial: systematice integration of biological, psychological, and social approaches to the study of mental health and specific mental disorders

psychology of personality - 403 (1 decks)

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