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final exam Flashcards

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1
Q

how many paragraphs should an essay have?

A

as many as it takes

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2
Q

what type of study demonstrates a causal relationship?

A

experiment

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3
Q

what are scientifically supported study strategies?

A

testing yourself
interweaving
learning to teach someone else

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4
Q

representative sample

A

I’m focused on picking people who represent the overall demographics

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5
Q

falsifiable

A

if there’s enough evidence you can prove it to be incorrect

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6
Q

random sample

A

everyone has the same chance of being picked

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7
Q

why is replication important?

A

we want other scientists to agree or validate our studies. validate what we found.

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8
Q

correlation coefficients

A

pos: as the temperature goes up the more ice cream people buy
0: what you have for breakfast and what you wear today
neg: as the weeks increase in number the amount of students coming to class go down

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9
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemical messengers

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10
Q

four lobes of the brain

A

frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal

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11
Q

parietal lobe

A

senses. left side of brain controls right side of body.

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12
Q

temporal lobe

A

hearing and speach

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13
Q

occipital lobe

A

in the back but controls your seeing

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14
Q

frontal lobe

A

executive function and higher-order skills. complex thinking and math skills.

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15
Q

monozygotic/dizygotic twins

A

mono: comes from one egg, shares 100% of DNA.
di: comes from two eggs

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16
Q

amygdala

A

fear

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17
Q

if there are any differences between monozygotic twins, what must it be due to?

A

the environment

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18
Q

thalamus

A

relay center of the brain

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19
Q

three divisions of the brain

A

midbrain, hindbrain, forebrain

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20
Q

evolutionary psychology

A

natural selection

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21
Q

absolute threshold and difference threshold

A

absolute: minimum stimulus needed to detect something
difference: difference that needs to happen to the strength of the stimuli before you can detect it

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22
Q

hormones

A

go through bloodstream so slower effect than neurotransmitters

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23
Q

endorphins

A

natural pain killers

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24
Q

sex assigned at birth

A

determined by genes. male and female.

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25
cones
colors
26
four parenting styles
authoritarian (helicopter parent) authoritative negligent/uninvolved permissive
27
discrimination (classical conditioning)
something similar happens but they're able to distinguish between the two sounds. Like when the dog hears a doorbell they don't salivate.
28
extinction (classical conditioning)
when the association goes away
29
positive/negative (operant conditioning)
pos: add something new neg: take something away
30
social learning theory
learned by observing and imitating others
31
olfaction
smell. chemical.
32
when does adolescence start?
puberty
33
gender
man and woman. gender is a cultural construct.
34
rods
grey, black, and white
35
gustation
taste. responds to chemicals
36
pavlov's experiment on classical conditioning
ring bell dog would salivate
37
acquisition (classical conditioning)
when you gain the skill (the first time they salivate at the bell)
38
generalization (classical conditioning)
if the doorbell rings but it's not the bell they were trained with then they think all sounds that sound similar to the bell are their cue to start salivating
39
punishment vs reinforcement
punishment: don't do that anymore reinforcement: do more of that
40
gender identity
what you identify with
41
zone of proximal development
area where you can learn something new but need help
42
personality
pattern of the way you think and behave
43
when are we more likely to be attracted to someone?
proximity similar to you
44
Solomon Asch's conformity study
there was one participant but everyone else was apart of the research team and the whole group would answer the wrong question and the one participant would follow them even though it was obvious it was wrong
45
stanley milligram's study on obedience to authority
participants thought they were shocking people. they would want to stop but the "researcher" would tell them to continue.
46
reciprocal determinism
Your own personal factors, environmental influences, and behaviors all connect to each other.
47
when are memories used for eye-witness testimony most likely to be accurate?
when you don't get asked leading questions. and if recovered under hypnosis not accurate.
48
Atkinson and shifrin's 3 step memory model
sensory short term long term
49
what is personality mainly determined by?
genetics
50
what is correlated with longer-lasting relationships?
supporting your partner having more pos than neg interactions being vulnerable sharing responsibilities
51
stereotype
generalized beliefs that are usually not true about a population
52
informative/normative social influence
normative: i want to be seen as normal so I follow what everyone else does informative: maybe other people know something I don't know
53
bystander effect
if someone trips and no one else is around to help then you'll help. but if there are other people are around you don't help because you think someone else will help.
54
are repressed memories real?
there's no good evidence saying it is
55
just-world phenomenon
the world is just. if youre goood, good things will come to you. if you're bad, bad things will come to you.
56
what three factors compose prejudice?
discrimination stereotypes negative emotions
57
social identity theory?
idea that we base a lot of our identity on our social groups
58
big 5 personality traits
openess to experience consciensness extroversion agreeableness neuroticism/ emotional instability
59
what two things lead to prejudice?
ingroup outgroup bias just world phenomenon
60
fundamental attribution error
thinking somone is a bad driver for swerving but you don't know the actual situation that caused them to do that
61
4 D's of psychopathology
danger deviance distress dysfunction
62
what are eating disorders really about?
control
63
what are dissociative disorders almost always the result of?
trauma
64
what are the two most common psychological disorders?
generalized anxiety disorder and major depressive disorder
65
neurodevelopmental disorder
ADHD autism spectrum disorder
66
antisocial personality disorder
someone not having empathy for others disregarding rights of other people not aligning with moral agreements of society
67
schizophrenia
experience hallucinations
68
medical model of psychological disorders
not a moral failing its something everyone can get and treated with the right approach
69
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
flashbacks, depressed moods, unwelcomed thoughts
70
mania
hypomania: less than full-blown mania like not sleeping much full mania: very unsafe like driving way over the speed limit
71
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
someone not able to control themselves. have different brain structures than others. not a moral situation.
72
autism spectrum disorder?
deficits in social situations and repetitive or restrictive behaviors
73
is therapy effective?
yes
74
therapeutic orientation
your style of therapy. the way you approach therapy.
75
what accounts for most change in therapy?
outside factors
76
what are the APA ethical codes for?
have to abide by them
77
insight-based therapies
help people understand themselves better
78
cognitive-behavioral therapy
about changing behaviors and thoughts
79
dodo bird verdict
all theories are as effective as the next one
80
what three things are common to all psychotherapies?
forming a therapeutic alliance generating hope gaining new perspectives
81
unconditional positive regard
you will respect and not judge clients no matter what they say

soc research methods (5 decks)

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