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Plant Science > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two ways plants grow?

A

-Cells can divide
-Individual cells can grow larger

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2
Q

What is plant DEVELOPMENT?

A

change in phase of life or change in life process

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3
Q

What factors influence plant development?

A

-genetic
-environmental
-hormones

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4
Q

What are the stages of plant development?

A

Seed Germination, Vegetative Growth, Reproductive Growth, Senescence

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5
Q

Seed Germination

A

*Inbibition–a dry seed soaking up water
*increase in biological activity–all sorts of biochemical processes begin, hormones and enzymes become active
*radicle growth–to absorb more water
*cotyledon emerges
*cell division begins and primary shoot as well. as first true leaves are growing

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6
Q

Vegetative Growth

A

-Shoot Growth
-Root Growth

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7
Q

Reproductive Growth

A

*flowers and fruit develop
-this may be done during or at the end of vegetative growth, depending on the plant

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8
Q

Senescence

A

loss of leaves and/or plant death

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9
Q

What are the three possible growth patterns of plants?

A

Annuals, Biennials, Perennials

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10
Q

Annuals

A

*complete vegetative and reproductive cycle in one growing season
-usually herbaceous plants

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11
Q

Biennials

A

*perform vegetative growth the first year and sexual reproductive growth the second year
-many are only grown annually

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12
Q

Perennials

A

live many years and reproduce several years out of their life cycle

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13
Q

What are the two ways plants can reproduce?

A

*sexual–seed
*asexual–through vegetative structures

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14
Q

Remember: Many plants can reproduce both sexually and asexually. What are the pros and
cons of each?

A

Sexually Pros: Genetic Variation
-seeds can survive long periods of dormancy/adverse conditions
-seeds can spread a long way
-adapt to new weather, pests
Asexually Pros: No pollination reliance
-if adapted to current conditions, all offspring will be adapted
-less energy intensive for the plant

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15
Q

Describe the process of pollination.

A

-pollen (male gamete) landing on the receptive stigma of a flower
-insect, vertebrae and wind pollination

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16
Q

Describe the process of fertilization.

A

*process of nuclei from the pollen traveling down to the ovary to fertilize the egg
*several nuclei are involved–double fertilization
-2 nuclei are in pollen
-3 nuclei are in egg
*1 nucleus from pollen builds pollen tube down to ovary
*1 nucleus from pollen combines with 1 from egg to form zygote
*other 1 nucleus from pollen combines with 2 remaining nuclei from egg–forms endosperm
*endosperm is food storage tissue for egg–high in carbohydrates for germination

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17
Q

Describe the process of fruit development.

A

*in many plants, only a small percentage of flowers develop into fruits
-some dont become pollinated
-some dont become fertilized
-some abort after fertilization
*very complex processes, some will not understand
*several plant hormones are involved
*For farmers–sometimes need to find right balance of furit–not too little and not too many
-larger=less fruit
-smaller=more fruit
*undergo a period of rapid division, followed by rapid expansion
*starch accumulates & cells continue to expand
*starch remains or breaks down into sugars as ripening occurs

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18
Q

What do plant hormones do?

A

act as signaling compounds that tell the plant to begin, increase, decrease or cease any processes

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19
Q

What processes might this include?

A

-cell division
-entering dormancy
-starting reproduction
-seed germination
-root formation
-cell & tissue death

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20
Q

T/F: can the same group of hormones act on plants in multiple different ways, depending on where and when in the plant they are produced?

A

True

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21
Q

What are the criteria for plant hormones?

A

*be endogenous–produce within the plant
*be an organic compound (carbon-containing)
*be present in low concentrations
*able to be translocated through the plant
*not a plant nutrient
*plant growth regulators–mimic of naturally produced plant hormones (we apply them to plants in AG)

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22
Q

What are the 5 main plant hormones?

A

*Auxin
*Giberrelin (s)
*Cytokinin (s)
*Abscisic Acid
*Ethylene

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23
Q

Auxin

A

*stimulate cell growth–used as rooting hormones in nurseries
*responsible for apical dominance–plants ability to grow/stand upright
*responsible for phototropism–how plants bend towards light
*responsible for thigmotropism–growth of a plant around an object
*certain synthetic auxins (2, 4-D)–used as a herbicide, causes uncontrolled cell division and eventual plant death

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24
Q

Gibberellin

A

responsible for:
-stem growth
-transition from juvenile to adult phases of perennials
-floral initiation
-sex determination
-seed germination
*sometimes added with seeds or certain plant species that are hard to germinate
*Gibberellin inhibitors are sometimes sprayed on ornamental plants to keep them compact
*Sprayed on certain fruits to increase size

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25
Q

Cytokinins

A

*promote cell division–cytokinesis
*stimulates shoot initiation in tissue culture
*delays leaf senescence
*suppresses root growth

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26
Q

Ethylene

A

*promotes fruit ripening and abscission
*enhances leaf and flower senescence
*induces lateral cell expansion
*some plants ripen with ethylene exposure
USED TO:
-ripen fruits/veggies
-thinning agent
-induce flower drop
STIMULATED BY:
-fruit ripening
-flower senescence
-auxin
-wounding
-chilling injury
-drought stress
-flooding

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27
Q

What are some of the other minor plant hormones?

A

*Brassinosteroids
*Jasmonic Acid
*Salicylic Acid
*Systemin

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28
Q

What is the difference between climate and weather?

A

*rain, snow, wind= long-term –> climate
*rain, snow, wind= short-term –> weather

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29
Q

What climactic factor is the most important in deciding what crop to plant or where?

A

Temperature: temps higher/lower than normal can cause crop reduction or total loss

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30
Q

What climactic factor is the hardest to manipulate on an agricultural scale?

A

Temperature is the hardest to manipulate on an ag scale
-easier to increase temp than decrease

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31
Q

What are the ways we can manipulate temperature in the field?

A

Increase Temperature, Decrease Temperature

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32
Q

Increasing Temperature

A

*inversion fans (wind machines)
*heaters (smudge pots)
*irrigation–irrigation frost protection –> as water freezes it produces heat
*frost cloth

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33
Q

Decreasing Temperature

A

*Irrigation –> overhead irrigation

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34
Q

What is temperature determined by? Which is the most significant?

A

*solar radiation –> most signifciant
*proximity to bodies of water
*wind patterns

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35
Q

What are the important results of solar radiation?

A

helps plants perform photosynthesis

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36
Q

What wavelengths of light are absorbed by plants for photosynthesis? Which are not used
(reflected)?

A

*plants absorb light at the blue and red wavelength of the color spectrum
*they do not absorb green light wavelengths and reflect them back (which is what makes plants grow)

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37
Q

Do all plants require full sunlight?

A

*most plants require full sunlight–>the greater the photosynthetic capacity
*some plants have adapted to specific light conditions ex: low light conditions

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38
Q

What is photomorphogenesis?

A

the ability of plants to sense and grow towards light

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39
Q

What are methods used to increase light to plants?

A

*pruning
*plant spacing
*row spacing
*trellises
*reflective film and mulch

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40
Q

What are methods used to decrease light to plants?

A

*pruning, but in different ways
*shade cloth/netting–common for berries, blackberries and blueberries
*sunscreen sprays (such as surround)

41
Q

What are the types of precipitation?

A

*dew
*mist
*fog
*rain
*hail
*snow

42
Q

Why do plants need water?

A

-cannot perform photosynthesis without water
-will wilt and die without it

43
Q

What is turgor pressure?

A

Turgid Cell:
-water enters by osmosis, vacuole swells and pushes against cell wall
Flaccid Cell:
-water lost from cell, vacuole shrinks, cell loses shape

44
Q

Percentages of earth’s water:

A

Groundwater-0.3%
Fresh water (lakes and streams)-0.01%
Atmospheric water (rain and snow)-0.001%

45
Q

What is evapotranspiration?

A

the combination of water lost as evaporation from land and water surfaces and as transpiration from plants

46
Q

What is evaporation?

A

water loss from the surface of soil

47
Q

What is transpiration?

A

*water is absorbed by the roots
*water travels up through the plant
*water vapor lost from leaf pores
*releases water vapor and oxygen

48
Q

Why is evapotranspiration important in farming?

A

*tells us if there is enough water in the soil or if we need to irrigation
evapotranspiration > precipitation = need to irrigate

49
Q

What factors go into calculating evapotranspiration?

A

*temperature
*relative humidity
*transpiration of a reference crop (turf)
*factor to correct for different crops

50
Q

What are plant stomates?

A

*pores that open/close to let in carbon dioxide or let out water vapor and oxygen

51
Q

When rain hits the surface of soil, it can either ____________________________________
or ____________________________________________

A

absorb into the soil and go into groundwater; runoff the surface into surface water

52
Q

Why do we heavily rely on irrigation in the Central Valley?

A

not enough precipitation; way more exapotranspiration

53
Q

Methods of Irrigation

A

Surface, Sprinkler, Center Pivot/Linear, Microirrigation

54
Q

Surface Irrigation

A

most efficient when having the right soil
Furrow:
-water is funneled into lower parts of “grooves”
Flood:
-flood entire crop area

55
Q

Sprinkler Irrigation

A

least efficient form of irrigation–most water loss

56
Q

Center pivot/linear irrigation

A

-very common in the midwest or some parts of pacific northwest
-one long pole in center with sprinkler, pivots in circle

57
Q

Microirrigation

A

-if designed and maintained correctly, a more efficient use of water than any other method
-most efficient

58
Q

Nutrients Required for Plant Growth: Non-Limiting

A

Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen

59
Q

Nutrients Required for Plant Growth: Macronutrients (most commonly deficient)

A

Nitrogen, Phosphorous, Potassium

60
Q

Nutrients Required for Plant Growth: Secondary Macronutrients (not commonly deficient–naturally obtained)

A

Calcium, Magnesium, Sulfur

61
Q

Nutrients Required for Plant Growth: Micronutrients (needed in smaller amounts)

A

Chlorine, Iron, Zinc, Manganese, Boron, Copper, Molybdenum

62
Q

Why is soil important to plants?

A

provide:
-nutrients
-water
-anchorage

63
Q

What are the components of soil?

A

-25% air
-25% water
-45% Minerals (clay, sand, silt)
-5% OM

64
Q

What is a soil profile?

A

*good way to study the make up of soil
*a vertical section in the soil to look at layers that have accumulated over time and are currently present in the soil
*each layer is known as a horizon

65
Q

What are the three soil particle sizes? Which is smallest and which is largest?

A

Sand: largest
Silt: medium
Clay: smallest

66
Q

What is soil texture?

A

the relative proportion of sand, silt, and clay in a soil

67
Q

How is soil acidity or alkalinity measured?

A

Acidic: pH below 6.5
Neutral: between 6.5 and 7.0
Alkaline: pH above 7.0
*measured in a logarithmic scale
-pH 6 is ten times as acidic as pH 7
-pH is one hundred times as acidic as pH 8

68
Q

What does soil pH influence?

A

-nutrient availability
-solubility of toxic ions
-microbial activity

69
Q

How do you change soil pH?

A

Lower (make more acidic) or higher (make more alkaline

70
Q

How to lower soil pH

A

*elemental sulfur
*the calcium and magnesium carbonate (free lime) found in many western soils acts as a buffer against the development of acidic soils

71
Q

How to raise soil pH

A

calcitic or dolomitic lime can be used to raise soil pH

72
Q

What is cation exchange capacity?

A

*an important measure of soil fertility and potential productivity of the soil
*clay particles and soil OM have a net negative charge. Positively charged ions (cations) can be attracted to and held onto the surface of these materials

73
Q

What does cation exchange capacity influence?

A

influences how much of a cationic nutrient can be held in the soil

74
Q

Soil particle/substance with Low CEC

A

Sand

75
Q

Soil particle/substance with Moderate CEC

A

Silt

76
Q

Soil particles/substances with High CEC

A

Clay and OM

77
Q

How does sodium affect soil?

A

soils high in sodium ions are dispersed and resist water infiltration

78
Q

How does calcium affect soil?

A

soils with higher percentage of calcium are well aggregated and have high infiltration rates

79
Q

What are the benefits of soil organic matter?

A

-serve as a food source for living organisms in the soil; they break down organic matter
-helps strengthen soil aggregates
-improves aeration and water infiltration
-increases water holding capacity
-provides buffering against rapid changes in soil reaction when acid or alkaline-forming materials are added to soil
-forms stable organic compounds

80
Q

What nutrients does soil organic matter provide?

A

-Nitrogen
-Phosphorous
-Sulfur
decomposition of 1% of OM in the soil releases 30-60 lbs of Nitrogen per year

81
Q

What is a pest? Why are pests a problem?

A

*organisms that reduce the availability, quality or value of a human resource
*compete with people for food or fiber, interfere with raising crops or livestock, damage property, tarnish ornamental planting, transmit disease, invade our water ways or nautral areas

82
Q

Give 3 examples of different pests.

A

insects, rodents, birds, fungus, weeds, bacteria, viruses

83
Q

List and describe the three pest management strategies.

A
  1. Preventative
    -discourage pest population from developing
  2. Suppressive
    -reduce population from developing
  3. Eradication
    -totally eliminating a pest from a designated area–used when no pest can be tolerated
84
Q

List and describe the three different classifications of pests.

A

*key pests-cause major damage on a regular basis unless they are controlled (codling moth in walnuts)
*occasional pests–become intolerable regularly
*secondary pests–occurs as a result of actions taken to control a key pest

85
Q

List and describe the basic components of an IPM program.

A

*Inspection and Monitoring
*Identification
*Weather forecasting
*Plant according to thresholds
*Implement IPM Tactics
*Record-Keeping
*Evaluate effectiveness

86
Q

What is the best IPM resource to get started with a pest management program?

A

UC IPM

87
Q

What are the pest controls utilized in an IPM program?

A

Genetic Resistance, Cultural, Mechanical/Sanitation, Biological, Chemical

88
Q

Genetic Resistance

A

*most sustainable pest control
-use cultivars of plants that are resistant or tolerant to pests that are present

89
Q

Cultural

A

-any method of modifying growing techniques
ex:
-crop rotation
-adjust planting dates
-adjust plant density
-pruning to improve air flow

90
Q

Mechanical/Sanitation

A

-don’t move soil from one location to another
-clean pruners/equipment
-tilling under diseased/infested fruit or nuts

91
Q

Biological

A

Classical Biocontrol:
-the use of a living organism to control a pest
-introduction of a non-native organism to control a pest (usually from the same location as the pest)
Conservation Biocontrol:
-practices to keep biocontrol you do have content
-avoid use of broad spectrum pesticides
-provide forage (flowers, etc.) for biocontrols
Augmentative Biocontrol:
-reintroduction of a native biocontrol if populations were disrupted

92
Q

Chemical

A

-insecticides, herbicides, fungicides
-use them when there are no other effective controls
-always have to rotate between modes of action to prevent resistance

93
Q

T/F: Energy usage is expected to increase faster than population growth because of economic development

A

True

94
Q

What is a fact?

A

a proposed explanation for a phenomenon

95
Q

What is a theory?

A

observation about the world around us

96
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

a statement based on repeated experimental observations

97
Q

What is a law?

A

an explanation acquired through the scientific method

98
Q

Abscisic Acid

A

*actually has little to do with abscission
*stimulates stomatal closure
*induction and maintenance of bud dormancy
*inhibits gibberellins from stimulating the conversion of starch into sugars–inhibits seed germination

Plant Science (3 decks)

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