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International Relations > Final exam > Flashcards

Final exam Flashcards

1
Q

What is extrastate war?

A

where a member of the state
system is engaged in a war with a political
entity that is not a member of the interstate
system

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2
Q

What is intrastate war?

A

those between or among two or more groups within the internationally recognized territory of the state.

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3
Q

What does the definition of intrastate war include?

A

civil wars (involving the state government and a non-state actor) and inter-communal conflicts (involving two or more groups, none of which is the state government)

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4
Q

Why are intrastate wars fought? (2)

A
  • Change composition/form of government
  • Gain greater regional autonomy/independence
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5
Q

What’s is the definition of member in the interstate system based on? (5)

A

population, territory, independence, sovereignty, diplomatic recognition

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6
Q

What’s an example of an extrastate war?

A

when a colony rebels and seeks independence
ex; When African nations fought for independence from European colonialism

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7
Q

How many extra-state wars have taken place between 1816-2007?

A

198

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8
Q

What is coercive diplomacy?

A

uses limited force to compel an actor to change its behaviour. It involves a calculation of how much force is necessary to impact the actor’s actions

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9
Q

What’s another word for coercive diplomacy?

A

compellence

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10
Q

True or false?
Most events of coercive diplomacy escalate to war.

A

False

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11
Q

What does coercive diplomacy involve? (5)

A
  • Mobilization of forces
  • Raising military
  • Alert levels
  • Warning shots
  • Small-scale skirmishes
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12
Q

What are the three types of compellence?

A

Persuade opponent to
1. stop short of goal
2. undo the action (i.e. withdraw from land)
3. change his policy by changing government

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13
Q

What is deterrence?

A

ability to dissuade another state from acting against one’s interest by the threat of harm one might do in response

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14
Q

What does deterrence involve? (4)

A
  • Making the demand
  • Explain the consequences of
    acting
  • Wait
  • If the opponent “crosses the line” drawn, take punitive action.
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15
Q

How do we measure the success rate of deterrence?

A

success is measured by whether something happens

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16
Q

What’s an example of deterrence?

A

Jails (punishment) deter potential criminals. The success of prisons is thus
measured by how empty they are.

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17
Q

How do we measure the success rate of compellence?

A

Success entails the reversal or halt of ongoing behavior

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18
Q

What is the difference between compellence and deterrence on the status quo?

A

Compellence seeks to change the status quo. Also, like
offense, it takes the initiative and engages the opponent
until the latter relents.”

Deterrence seeks to protect
the status quo. It is also, like defense, essentially a waiting
game: the opponent has to move before a reaction is
triggered.

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19
Q

What is war?

A

sustained combat, involving organized armed forces, resulting in a minimum of 1,000 battle-related fatalities (later specified as 1,000 battle-related fatalities within a twelve month period)

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20
Q

What is interstate war?

A

a territorial state that qualifies as a member of the interstate system is engaged in a war with another system member

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21
Q

What’s an example of interstate war?

A

World War II (1939-1945)

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22
Q

What’s the goal of the International criminal court (ICC) ?

A

to bring justice and prosecute individuals responsible for genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity

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23
Q

What is the International Criminal Court (ICC) ?

A

Permanent court of last resort (when national authorities cannot or will not prosecute). Deals with cases involving individuals

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24
Q

What is the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court (ICC) ?

A

Global jurisdiction

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25
Q

What are crimes against humanity? (7)

A
  • murder
  • enslavement
  • torture
  • rape
  • forced prostitution
  • sexual slavery
  • apartheid
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26
Q

What are war crimes? (5)

A
  • torture
  • biological experiments
  • denying a fair trial
  • unlawful confinement
  • taking hostages
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27
Q

What is international law?

A

a body of rules which binds states and other agents in world politics in their relations with one another

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28
Q

How does international law differ from domestic law? (3)

A
  1. No global legislature (to make law) – it is a collection of norms, treaties, accords, resolutions rather than a comprehensive body of laws developed by a central organization
  2. No executive (to enforce law). Based on consent – states must accept them
  3. No independent judiciary (to interpret law)
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29
Q

What are treaties?

A

written conventions signed by states, which they can formally withdraw from. most important source of international law

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30
Q

What is pacta sunt servanda?

A

International legal principle which states that “treaties must be respected”

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31
Q

Which treaties create norms?

A

multilateral treaties

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32
Q

What are customs?

A

long term patterns of behaviour between states become generally accepted practice

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33
Q

What are the general principles of law?

A

set of legal principles that are common to a large number of systems of domestic law

34
Q

What is legal scholarship?

A

written arguments by internationally recognized legal scholars

35
Q

What’s the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty? (3)

A

treaty that seeks to limit the spread of nuclear weapons - signed by 190 states
- adopted in 1968

36
Q

What does the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty impose? (3)

A
  1. no non-nuclear-weapon state may develop or receive nuclear weapons from other nuclear-weapon states (China, US, UK, France, Russia)
  2. All states have the right to develop, research, produce and use nuclear energy for peaceful purposes
  3. all nuclear-weapon states are to pursue negotiations to reduce nuclear proliferation and end the nuclear arms race
37
Q

Which states have not accepted the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty? (5)

A
  • North Korea (originally agreed, never complied, withdrew in 2003)
  • India
  • Israel
  • Pakistan
  • South Sudan
38
Q

What are the critics of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty?

A
  1. Double standard: allowing the US, the UK, Russia, China & France to maintain their nuclear weapons
  2. These states have not made any progress toward nuclear disarmament
39
Q

What’s the International Court of Justice?

A

Global court with responsibility for resolving disputes among states under international law

40
Q

What’s another name for the International Court of Justice?

A

World Court

41
Q

Describe the structure of the International Court of Justice. (4)

A
  • created after WWII
  • part of the UN system; near virtual membership (?)
  • has 15 judges, elected by state parties, who serve nine-year, renewable terms
  • judges act as impartial jurists, not representatives of their state
42
Q

Describe the functions of the International Court of Justice. (2)

A
  • settle legal disputes submitted by states and give advisory opinions on legal questions referred by UN entities
  • little power to enforce judgements
43
Q

What are the weaknesses of the International Court of Justice? (2)

A
  • dependence on the voluntary acquiescence of states to its jurisdiction
  • Lack of enforcement
44
Q

How can the International Court of Justice produce a binding ruling?

A

if both parties agree to submit to the ruling of the court

45
Q

Give an example of two countries that sought out the International Court of Justice to settle a dispute.

A

Canada and the US: agreed to seek a ruling on the location of the maritime boundary in the Gulf of Maine

46
Q

What are the enforcement mechanisms for International Law? (2)

A
  1. Reciprocity: states follow international law because they want other states to do so
  2. Sanctions: a collective response by a number of states to stop trading
47
Q

What are the enforcement mechanisms for International Law that use self-help? (2)

A
  1. Voluntary respect for the law
  2. Deterred from violating by fear of retaliation.
48
Q

What is the UN Security Council responsibility?

A

Primary responsibility for maintaining international peace and security and the provision of collective security

49
Q

What’s the UN General Assembly?

A

Quasi-legislative organ of the UN, with authority to issue nonbinding resolutions and declarations and to serve as a forum for discussion of international issues.

50
Q

What is the UN Secretariat?

A

Bureaucratic arm of the UN with 9,000 full-time employees

51
Q

What are the five elements of the UN structure?

A
  • Security council
  • General Assembly
  • The Secretariat
  • The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)
  • International Court of Justice
52
Q

What are the functions of the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)?

A

Coordinates and oversees UN economic and social programs

53
Q

How many members are there in the UN Security Council?

A

15 members, 5 permanent (China, US, UK, Russia, France)

54
Q

The security council is the only UN organ that can issue…

A

legally binding resolutions that can be supported with peacekeeping missions, sanctions, and force

55
Q

How many members of the UN Security Council must be in agreement in order for a resolution to be passed?

A

9 out 15, but the permanent members can veto the decision

56
Q

How is the UN security council’s power limited? (2)

A
  1. Decisions depend entirely on interests of member states
  2. Resolutions bind member states in theory, not practice
57
Q

What is an example of the veto right exercised in the UN Security Council?

A

Syria: one of the most violent conflicts and in need of global efforts to end the prolonged conflict and its consequences – Security Council efforts blocked by disagreement and veto among its members

58
Q

What is peacekeeping?

A

UN intervention granted by the Security Council to maintain a peace already established via political negotiation

59
Q

What is the greatest constraints on the use of peacekeeping forces?

A
  • lack of funds
  • rely on member states to provide personnel
  • seen as a form of neocolonialism
  • allegation of torture, rape, etc…
60
Q

What is peacebuilding?

A

expanded operations including:
- Traditional peacekeeping
- Use of force to protect civilians
- Supervision of elections
- Running government while a society gets back on its feet

61
Q

Give an example of a peacekeeping mission.

A

2018 in the Democratic Republic of Congo

61
Q

What is the World Health Organization?

A

largest international organization responsible for managing, coordinating, and promoting cooperation in global public health

61
Q

When is peace making used?

A

often used in intrastate conflicts where humanitarian catastrophes are occurring

62
Q

Name some successful health initiative of the WHO. (4)

A
  • eradicating smallpox
  • significant reduction in polio worldwide
  • immunization campaigns in developing countries against childhood diseases, specifically tetanus, whooping cough, measles, TB, diphtheria and polio
  • Addressing the health consequences of climate change and global warming
63
Q

Name some failures associated with the WHO. (3)

A
  • delayed response to the Ebola outbreak in 2014 (due to what was deemed to be a slow-moving bureaucracy)
  • wrongly declaring that malaria could be eradicated
  • accusations of being overly bureaucratic, and inefficient
64
Q

What is global health diplomacy?

A

Building capacity among Member States to support the necessary collective action to take advantage of opportunities and mitigate the risks for health

65
Q

What’s a pandemic?

A

an epidemic occurring worldwide or over a very wide area, crossing international boundaries, and usually affecting a large number of people.

66
Q

What is terrorism? (2)

A

acts of political nature/intent that involve physical or psychological harm

perpetrators are non-state actors and targets are non-combattants, such as ordinary citizens, political figures, or beaureaucrats

67
Q

What is asymmetric conflict?

A

Conflict characterized by an inequality in material or strength

68
Q

What are the three main positions on cyberwarfare?

A
  • cyberattack can only count as an armed attack if it uses “traditional military weapons” (ie; bombs)
  • any cyberattack that targets a sufficiently important computer system is an armed attack
  • an armed attack based on the “gravity” of its effects
69
Q

What is UNEP (United Nations Environment Program) concerned with?

A

grapples with global environmental strategies. It provides technical assistance to member states, monitors environmental conditions globally, develops standards, and recommends alternative energy sources

70
Q

What is UNICEF (United Nations Children’s Fund) concerned with?

A

gives technical and financial assistance to poor countries for programs benefiting children

71
Q

What are the sources of international law? (4)

A
  • Treaties
  • Customs
  • General principles of law
  • Legal scholarship
72
Q

Why does war occur according to realists? (3)

A
  • Anarchy in IR
  • Distribution of power in the system
  • Power transition theory
73
Q

Why does war occur according to liberals? (3)

A

Lack of democratic institutions/values (democracy)
Lack of interdependence
Lack of shared institutions (IOs)

74
Q

Why does war occur according to constructivists? (4)

A
  • Aggressive state identities (ie; framing other states as enemies or rivals)
  • Norms and beliefs (ie; if war is normalized, it’s more likely to happen)
  • Misperceptions (affects how states interpret each other’s actions, causing war)
  • Non-State actors (ie; terrorist groups) can influence policies and create new norms, and shift international discourse in ways that can perpetuate conflict
75
Q

How does the balance of power promote peace according to realists? (3)

A
  • Distribution of power: aggressive states are less likely to go to war with weaker states because they fear the consequences of war from states with relatively equal power
  • Bipolar and unipolar systems may be more stable.
  • In the Cold War, bipolarity may have limited war (bcs both had nukes)
76
Q

How does mutually assured destruction (MAD) promote peace to realists? (2)

A
  • Neither side can prevent the other from destroying it
  • Cost of nuclear war so high it made war unthinkable
77
Q

How does deterrence prevent war?

A

when power is balanced, the threat of being defeated in war could prevent an attack from an aggressive state.

78
Q

How do realists explain the long peace (3)

A
  1. Balance of power
  2. MAD
  3. Deterence
79
Q

What criticism do realists face on their explanation for peace? (3)

A
  • Terrorism reduces the possibility that deterrence will work bcs non-state actors do not own territory
  • During the Cold War (where MAD was occuring between the superpowers), conventional wars continued.
    ex; U.S. lost almost 100,000 soldiers in Korea and Vietnam
  • should power shift, already established long-lasting alliances should shift too. ex; US & UK stayed friends in NATO after collapse of USSR
80
Q

What criticism do liberals face on their explanation for peace? (5)

A
  • The world still has a significant number of nondemocratic states, and that democracies routinely fight nondemocracies.
  • Although the democratic peace theory is largely true to this point in time, it has not been sufficiently tested.
  • Historically, non democracies have outnumbered democracies.
  • Significant numbers of democracies have not been around very long.
  • Liberals confuse cause and effect: economic interdependence and international institutions are effects of this change, not causes.

International Relations (6 decks)

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