final exam Flashcards
(30 cards)
Mary D. Salter Ainsworth
Attachment theory, developed collaboratively by Ainsworth and Bowlby, posits that the early interactions between infants and their primary caregivers shape the child’s emotional and social development
Solomon Asch
best known for his conformity experiments.[15] His main finding was that peer pressure can change opinion and even perception. Asch found the majority of the participants succumbed at least once to the pressure and went with the majority
Albert Bandrura
Albert Bandura’s social learning theory suggests that observation and modeling play a primary role in how and why people learn. Bandura’s theory goes beyond the perception of learning being the result of direct experience with the environment. Learning, according to Bandura, can occur simply by observing others’ behavior.
Paul Ekman
Paul Ekman theorized that some basic human emotions (happiness/enjoyment, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, disgust and contempt) are innate and shared by everyone, and that they are accompanied across cultures by universal facial expressions.
Erik Erikson
Stages of development: Erikson’s best-known work is his theory that each stage of life is associated with a specific psychological struggle, a struggle that contributes to a major aspect of personality.
Sigmund Frued
“Freud’s school of thought, called psychoanalysis, is a personality theory and form of psychotherapy that emphasizes the role of unconscious factors in determining behavior and personality”
John Garcia
conditioned taste aversion
a survival mechanism because it allows an organism to recognize foods that have previously been determined to be poisonous, hopefully allowing said organism to avoid sickness.
Carl Jung
“The collective unconscious, in Jung’s theory, is the hypothesized part of the unconscious mind that is inherited from previous generations and that contains universally shared ancestral experiences and ideas.”
“Jung rejected Freud’s belief that human behavior is fueled by the instinctual drives of sex and aggression. Instead, Jung believed that people are motivated by a more general psychological energy that pushes them to achieve psychological growth, self-realization, and psychic wholeness and harmony”
Elisabeth Kubler-Ross
the dying go through five stages
“First, they deny that death is imminent, perhaps insisting that their doctors are wrong or denying the seriousness of their illness. Second, they feel and express anger that they are dying. Third, they bargain — they try to “make a deal” with doctors, relatives, or God, promising to behave in a certain way if only they may be allowed to live. Fourth, they become depressed. Finally, they accept their fate.”
Abraham Maslow
The humanistic perspective
“focuses on the motivation of people to grow psychologically, the influence of interpersonal relationships on a person’s self-concept, and the importance of choice and self-direction in striving to reach one’s potential. ”
Stanley Milgram
Obedience
Obedience is the performance of a behavior in response to a direct command. Typically, an authority figure or a person of higher status, such as a teacher or supervisor, gives the command.”
Christiana Murray
The Thematic Apperception Test
involves creating a story about a highly evocative, ambiguous scene
“The person is thought to project their own motives, conflicts, and other personality characteristics into the story they create. According to Murray (1943), “Before he knows it, he has said things about an invented character that apply to himself, things which he would have been reluctant to confess in response to a direct question.”
Ivan Pavlov
Classical Conditioning: The basic learning process that involves repeatedly pairing a neutral stimulus with a response-producing stimulus until the neutral stimulus elicits the same response.
“Classical conditioning involves pairing a neutral stimulus (e.g., the sight of Pavlov) with an unlearned, natural stimulus (food in the mouth) that auto“matically elicits a reflexive response (the dog salivates). If the two stimuli (Pavlov + food) are repeatedly paired, eventually the neutral stimulus (Pavlov) elicits the same basic reflexive response as the natural stimulus (food) — even in the absence of the natural stimulus”
Irene Pepperberg
“Irene Pepperberg and an African gray parrot named Alex revolutionized ideas about avian intelligence and animal communication”
“Along with his remarkable language abilities, Alex also displayed an understanding of simple concepts, including an understanding of bigger and smaller, similarity and difference. Shown a green block and a green ball and asked “What’s the same?” Alex would respond, “Color.” Alex could even accurately label quantities up to the number six ”
Carl Rogers
Client-centered therapy
“Type of psychotherapy in which the therapist is nondirective and reflective, and the client directs the focus of each therapy session; also called person-centered therapy.”
Hermann Rorschach
Projective Test: Rorschach Inkblot Test
Martin Seligman
Learned Helplessness: “a phenomenon in which exposure to inescapable and uncontrollable aversive events produces passive behavior ”
B.F. Skinner
Operant Conditioning
method of learning that uses rewards and punishment to mody behavior
John Watson
Scientific Study of Behavior/Behaviorism: “School of psychology and theoretical viewpoint that emphasizes the study of observable behaviors, especially as they pertain to the process of learning.
“Watson believed that virtually all human behavior is a result of conditioning and learning”
Philip Zimbardo
Cognitive Dissonance
An unpleasant state of psychological tension (dissonance) that occurs when two thoughts or perceptions (cognitions) are inconsistent.
Alzheimer’s Disease
Bystander Effect
“a phenomenon in which the greater the number of people present, the less likely each individual is to help someone in distress”
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
“describes the symptoms of a disorder and diagnostic guidelines”
“DSM-5 describes more than 260 specific psychological disorders, plus numerous additional conditions, like child physical abuse and educational problems — a grand total of 541 diagnostic categories (Blashfield et al., 2014). It provides codes for each disorder and includes the symptoms, the criteria that must be met to make a diagnosis, as well as the frequency, typical course, and risk factors for each disorder. It also includes issues related to gender and culture for each disorder. DSM-5 provides mental health professionals with both a common language for labeling disorders and comprehensive guidelines for diagnosing them.”
Diffusion of Responsibility
“a phenomenon in which the presence of other people makes it less likely that any individual will help someone in distress because the obligation to intervene is shared among all the onlookers.”
