Final Exam Flashcards
Study the FUCK outta these stupid terms (163 cards)
1
Q
Sociologists View(s) Society
A
(1) Stratified (Classism)
(2) Inequality
(3) Race, gender, and class
2
Q
Class “warfare” conflicts
A
Between the top 1% and ‘average’ 99%
3
Q
Social Class
A
The relative location of a person or group within a larger society (based on wealth, power, prestige, and/or other valued resources.
–> movement up or down; dependent on race and gender (ascribe factors)
4
Q
Class Systems: Beliefs
A
system of inequality that society defines as fair
–> cultural beliefs serve to justify social stratisfaction
5
Q
Class Systems: Generational
A
Children's social class reflects parents' social class
-->hard to move up or down the scale easily.
6
Q
Impact of Class Position
A
class at birth affects life chances: ability to fulfill one's potential * persons in the same class ore likely to associate with each other, intermarry, have similar hobbies, tastes, political views.
7
Q
Social Class : Variables
A
(1) Power
(2) Wealth
(3) Presitge
8
Q
Power
A
the degree to which a person can control other people
9
Q
Wealth
A
objects/symbols owned by people, which have value attached to them
10
Q
Prestige
A
The degree of respect, favourable regard, and/or importance accorded to a person by members of society.
11
Q
Socio-economic Status (SES)
A
Combination of income, education, and occupational prestige data in a single index of a person’s position in the socio-economic hierarchy.
12
Q
Resources that shape the positions we occupy that influence our likeihood for social mobility.
A
(1) Material
(2) Social
(3) Cultural
13
Q
Material
A
Economic/owned/controlled:
(1) Money
(2) Property
(3) Land
14
Q
Social
A
Prestige–> position we occupy and connections; based on the social networks we are part of.
Position and connection–> possible for use to increase the livelihood of accomplishing our goals
15
Q
Cultural
A
derived mostly from education of individual
knowledge, skills, education, and advantages that a person has, which give them a higher position in a society.
16
Q
Cultural Capital : Importance
A
multiple intersections of inequality impact each other
–> those who occupy a lower socio-economic positon have barriers to education, networks, skills, etc (social and cultural capital) that would facilitate upward social mobility.
17
Q
Income
A
the economic gain derived from wages, salaries, income transfers (government aid), and ownership of property
18
Q
Income inequality
A
Gap between the rich and the poor
Increases since the mid-1990s
Canadian Inequality has increased –> 2000-2006
19
Q
Wealth
A
Wealth–> “net worth”
- ->assets- liabilities - ->often is inherited
20
Q
Wealth Inequality
A
unequal distribution of assets within a population
–>continuously growing (FASTER)
21
Q
Consequences of Inequality
A
Impact on children; especially vulnerable populations
-long-term society consequences
political instability–> U.K (London), Greece, France, occupy Wall Street
Violence
Poverty
22
Q
Global Stratification
A
The unequal distribution of wealth, power, and prestige on a global basis
23
Q
absolute poverty
A
living on less than $1.25 (U.S) a day
A level of economic deprivation in which people do no have the means to secure the basic necessities of life
24
Q
Relative Poverty
A
when people may be able to afford basis necessities, but are unable to maintain on average standard.
25
Levels if Development Approach
* There are several ways of describing global inequality
- developed nations
- developing nations
- less developed nations
- underdevelopment
26
Globalization
- referring to a diverse series of trends and forces
- vast set of economic, political, and social issues
- tendency for businesses, technologies, and political, and social issues
- process of interaction and integration amount people , companies, and governments of different nations
- Driven by international trade--> "A Global World"
- -> growing awareness of global inequality and oppression
27
Integration of Economies
The increasing reliance of economies on each other
--> opportunities: buy and sell globally, location of labour/capital globally, Financial Global markets and their growth.
28
The Global Economy
Transnational corporations pursue cheap labour, low-cost infrastructure, and absence of labour regulation
- -labour in developing countries: legally unprotected and non-unionized
- - creation and expansion.
29
Positive of the Global Economy (Glonalization)
(1) Greater freedom of movement of goods, services, captial, people
(2) sharing cultural products
(3) travel and migration
(4) Trade and commerce
(5) Access to more goods and services
(6) cheap goods (for the developed world)
- -benefits uneven globally in different countries too
30
Categories of the negatives of the global economy
(1) Negatives (consequences of globalization)
| 2) Consequences for workers in Canada (domestically
31
Negative consequences of Globaization
(1) Environmental degradation
(2) Homogenization of cultures
(3) Exploitation of Workers
32
Consequences for workers in Canada
(1) Loss of domestic jobs (esp. manufacturing)
| (2) Weakening of the political power of workers and unions
33
Why does the gap exist and continue to grow?(6)
(1) 'Internal' Issues
(2) Colonialism
(3) Dependency
(4) Debt
(5) Global Capitalism
(6) Over-consumption
34
'Internal' Issues
(1) War
(2) Gender Inequality
(3) Corruption
(4) Class/caste inequality
35
Colonialism
- when a foreign power maintains political, social, economic and cultural domination over a people for an extended period of time
* neo-colonialism
36
Neo-colonialism
continuing dependence and foreign domination
37
Dependency
Rich countries have a vested interest in maintaining a dependent status of poor countries
Using the population of poor countries to gather raw materials, manufactured in the rich countries (involved)
38
Debt
Developing countries in debt to the rich nations
Many countries have been forced to devalue their currency, cut welfare, and not put money into their economies
Cannot invest in domestic education, agriculture, social programs, health care, infrastructure
39
Global Capitalism
Multi-national corporations
Flexibility of capital and labour
Quest for higher profits and a 'race to the bottom' ideology.
40
Over-consumption
one of the main contributors to global inequality (and environmental problem) is patterns of consumption - particularly over- consumption.
41
Consequences of Global Stratification
(1) Healthcare
(2) Country of Residence
(3) Life Expectancy
(4) HIV/AIDS
(5) Maternal Mortality
(6) Risks on Environment(s)
(7) Exploitation of Workers
(8) Global Food Crisis --> Insecurity
42
Global Stratification : Healthcare
Low-income countries have higher rates of illness (disease; also lack adequate healthcare services (availability) operating
43
Country of Residence
Prosperity of country increases health by biomedical advances
44
Global Distribution of Environemental Risk
when disaster strikes, economically and politically disadvantaged people suffer most because their circumstance render them most vulnerable -->cyclical (in its trends)
45
Gender
Social, psychological, and cultural attributes of masculinity and femininity, many of which are based on biological distinction(s)
--> societal attitudes and behaviours
social construct in westen societies: (1) male (2) female
46
Gender Binary
The classification of sex and gender into 2 distinct and disconnected forms of masculine and feminine
47
"Doing Gender" --> Categories
(1) An accomplishment achieved
(2) Ongoing
(3) Accountable
(4) Starts young
(5) Results.. Gender Inequality
48
Gender Inequality: In Western Practice
women make only 68%-76% of their mail counter parts
women are at a higher risk of facing poverty men
spousal homocide and incident of sexual violence --> occur more for women than for men
49
Consequences of Gender Differnences
women (and men) face: sexism, discrimination, harassment, and additional violence
differences of income leading to poverty
women are responsible for the majority of the domestic labour and childcare.
50
Gender Stratification
The unequal distribution of wealth, power, and privilege between men and women
51
Gender Inequality
Social Structures privilege men and oppress women (groups)
Gender differences are equated with female inferiority
Gender distinctions--> UNNATURAL
52
Gendered Division of Labour and Inequality (History)
Three important factors in determining the gendered division of labour in a society:
(1) The type of subsistence base.
(2) supply and demand--> labour
(3) women's childbearing and work
53
The 3 Maintenance(s) of Gender Inequality
(1) Patriarchy
(2) Sexism
(3) Institutional Sexism
54
The Glass Ceiling
Invisible barriers through which women can see elite positions, but cannot reach them
55
Pink collar Ghetto
Stallard, Ehrenreich, andSkiar --> 1983
Jobs historically held only by women (maid, secretary, etc)
Often required less-education and paid-less than white-collar office jobs, but also paid less than blue-collar jobs typically help by men.
56
7 reasons why women make less $
(1) direct salary difference
(2) Women taking time out of the paid work force
(3) cumulative
(4) Pink-collar ghetto
(5) men work longer hours
(6) women dominated specialities --> getting lower pay
(7) discrimination, sexism, patriarchy
57
Double day or the second shift
in most societies women do more of the domestic work
| --> occurs when they are also in the paid labour force
58
Norms
Rules and expectations to guid a society and its members
(1) proscriptive
(2) Prescriptive
59
Proscriptive Norms
stating what we should no do
60
Prescriptive norms
state what we should do
61
Gender Norms
culture's list of prescriptions and proscriptions considered appropriate to sex(es)
-->'feminine' or 'masculine' dependent on their attitude towards, degree of compliance with, these socially constructed expectations.
62
Masculinities
no singular, plural and multiple masculinities
63
four Basic rules of dominant masculinity
(1) no sissy- stuff: men are expected to distance themselves from anything feminine.
(2) Big wheel- men should be occupationally or financially successful.
(3) Sturdy oak- men should be confident and self-reliant
(4) Give 'em hell- men should do what is necessary to m"make it"
64
expectations of women
- women should offer any emotional support needed
- the ideal woman is attractive, not too competitive, a good listener, and adaptable
- women should be good in others and put the needs of others first
"superwoman"- career and motherhood successfully.
65
Starting "Gender" young
- naming, clothing, nicknames, interactions from birth onwards
- boys--> 'handled rougher'
- girls--> talked to more, encouraged to stay cleaner too
66
" Gender Policing"
-imposing perceived 'typical' gender behaviours on another person or group of people
67
stereotypes
over-generalized beliefs about people based on their membership in one of many social categories
68
Mass Media --> Gender
- Mainstream media representations play a role in reinforcing ideas about what it means to be a "real" man in out society
- women--> desirable and homemaking
- men--> authoritative
69
Changing Masculinity--> The Stalled Revolution
- In the early years of the Industrial Revolution, men's roles changed more dramatically than women's
- 1960s --current--> women's roles are changed dramatically over men's roles
70
"The End of Men" Ideologies
-suggestions that women are taking-over socially
(1) Work is changing
(2) Femininity is changing
(3) Masculinity is changing
71
Race
A socially defined category, based on real or perceived biological differences between groups of people.
72
Ethnicity
-Subjective criteria, involving the internalization of a distinctive social identity, whereby people identify themselves as (are perceived by others) by belonging to a different group.
73
Ethnic Group
People whose perceived "cultural" markers are deemed to be socially significant
74
Race= Social Construction
Sociologists see race and ethnicity as social constructions because they are not rooted in biological differences, they change over time progression , and they never have firm boundaries
- distinguished by physical markers only
75
Race= not biological
there is no biological evidence that 'races' differ in ways that explain behavioural differences
Behavioural differences between racial groups:
(1) Are not constant
(2) Vary by social circumstance(s)
76
Racialization
The process by which people are viewed and judged essentially different in terms of their intellect, morality, values, and worth, because of difference of physical type/ cultural heritage.
77
Racial Inequality
Perceptions of racial difference are social constructed, and often arbitrary; racial distinctions have been the basis of unequal/ societal treatment present.
78
Majority Group
A group that is advantaged and has superior resource and rights in society
79
Minority (Subordinate) Group
A group whose members,because of physical or cultural characteristics, are disadvantaged and subjected to unequal treatment (by the dominant group) and who regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination (socially)
80
Racism
The belief that a visible characteristic of a group, such as skin colour indicates group inferiority and justifies discrimination. It includes a set of ideas that implies the superiority of one social group over another on the basis of biological/ cultural characteristics, together with the power to put these beliefs into practice in a way that denies or excludes the minority of men and women involved.
81
the four elements of racism
(1) The construction of certain groups of people as biologically inferior and superior
(2) Discrimination
(3) Prejudice
(4) Power
82
Stages of Racism
Prejudice and Discrimination --> Social disadvantage --> Belief in minority's innate inferiority
(1) Prejudice and discrimination--> ethnocentrism and economic exploitation
(2) Socially disadvantage --> position i social-stratification
(3) Interpreted as inferiority of the minority
- cyclical
83
Overt Racism
Intent to discriminate against one or more groups on the basis of race.
84
Subconscious Racism: (indirect or unintentional racism)
when individuals hold negative attitudes toward racial minorities based on stereotypical assumptions, fear, and ignorance--> but are not directly expressed outwardly
85
Ways of discriminating
(1) Verbalization
(2) Exclusion
(3) Avoidance
(4) Physical Abuse
(5) Genocide
86
Institutional Racism
Three features distinguish institutional discrimination form other individual forms of bad treatment
(1) Triggered by social identity
(2) systematic
(3) Results in patterns
87
"Internal Colonialism" concepts
Members of a racial and ethnic group are conquered and colonized and forcibly placed under the economic and political control of the group showing dominance.
88
Environmental Racism Concept(s)
Polluting industries disproportionately located near first nations communities or areas populated by other marginalized "social" groups
89
Meritocracy
Getting ahead is based on individual merit, which is generally viewed as a combination of factors including innate abilities, working hard, having the right attitude, and having high moral character and integrity (myth)
90
The Myth of Meritocracy
Many factors impact on a person's ability to succeed
- ascribed statuses play a large role in the opportunities and barriers that people face (affect achieved statuses)
-structural, not individual
91
Privilege
unearned assets that set one above others
92
Social Structures
They way in which society is organized into predictable relationships (pattern of social-interactions)
-->shaped distributions of inequality
93
Social Stratification
a system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy
--> property, power, prestige
94
Principles of Social Stratfication
(1) It's social,, not "natural"
(2) It's persistent, even as societies change
(3) It's omni present in nearly an complex societies
(4) It's supported by ideology
(5) It's Micro as well as a macro-level
95
Social Inequality
The long-term existence of significant differences in access to goods and services among social groups.
---> differences in wealth, prestige, and power
96
Dimensions of Social Inequality
(1) Social Class
(2) gender
(3) Race
(4) Ethnicity
(5) Religion
(6) Age
(7) Sexual Identity
(8) Disability
97
Prejudice
Arbitrary attitudes or beliefs and unfair bias towards or against a person and group
- Based on little or no experience and projected onto entire group
- prejudice is an individual's internal perspective
98
Discrimination
Action based on prejudice
--> excluding, ignoring, avoiding, threatening, ridiculing, jokes, slurs, violence, unfair treatment
-discrimination is an individual's external behaviour(s)
99
systematic oppression
embedded in institutions; socially sanctioned and maintains an imbalance of power
--> media, family, religion, education, language, economics, criminal justice (what is --> normal, real, correct, beautiful, valuable?)
100
Social Inequality--> Impacts
- Micro and Macro (Consequences):
(1) Health
(2) Housing
(3) Quality of Life
(4) Poverty
(5) Violence
(6) Political-unrest
101
Social class
The relative location of a person or group within a larger society, based on wealth, power, prestige, or valued resources.
--> moving up and down depends on family and ascribed status' primarily
102
Class System(s) : beliefs
(1) System of inequality ; society defines this to be fair
(2) The explanation of why people should be unequal differ from society to society
(3) Cultural beliefs serve to justify the social stratification present in society.
103
Class System: Generational
Children's social class reflect parents' social class
104
Class system--> social mobility
- Most people move only horizontally
- ->switch from one job to another at about the same social level
* typically the level(s) remain the same over a lifetime.
105
Life Changes
Ability to fulfill one's own potential (society)
106
Social Class--> Variables
Power, Wealth, Prestige
107
Power
The degree to which a person can control other people
108
Wealth
Objects or symbols owned by people which have value attached to them in society
109
Prestige
The degree of respect, favourable regard, or importance accorded to a person by members of society
110
Gender role and identity
Role: The attitudes, behaviour, and activities that are socially defined as appropriate for each sex and are learned through the socialization process.
Identity: a person's perception of the self as female or male
111
An intersexed body
biological facts associated with being born male or female
| --> intersexed infants--> born with hormonal, anatomical, and genetic configurations.
112
Gender: A dichotomous category
- Any variable with 2 categories only:
(1) Mutually exclusive--> only one occurring at one time (male and female)
(2) jointly exhaustive --> everything is one or the other category
*divisions and inequality--> value(s)
113
Two-spirit Person(s)
A man living as a woman and considered to have supernatural powers in native-american society
114
Ajira
An Alternative role in India --> neither man or woman
115
Transgendered
Experiencing gender-identity in a non-tradition way
(1) Dress
(2) gender-roles
(3) natural biology; conflict between our internalized gender and biological sex.
116
Intersectionality
various socially and culturally constructed categories, that all interact on multiple levels to manifest themselves as inequality in society
-->race and ethnicity, gender, sexuality, socioeconomics, disability, age, nationality, etc.
117
Explanations of Gender Difference : Nature or Nurture?
(1) Biological Essentialism
| (2) Social Constructionism
118
Biological Essentialism
School of thought:
| -gender differences as reflection of biological differences between men and women
119
Social Constructionism
School of Thought:
| --Regards gender differences as constructed b social structure and culture
120
Critiques of Essentialism
(1) Ignores historical and cultural variability of gender and sexuality
(2) Tends to generalize fro the aver, ignoring variations within gender groups too
(4) Ignores roles of power
121
Social Mobility
The movement of individuals or groups from one level in a stratification system to another
122
Intergenerational Mobility
The social movement (upward or downward) experienced by family members from one generation to the next
123
Intragenerational Mobility
The social movement (upward or downward) experience by individuals within their lifetime.
124
Slavery
An extreme form of stratification in which some people are owned by others
125
Caste System
A system of social inequality in which people's status is permanently determined at birth based on their parent's ascribed characteristics.
126
Income
The economic gain derived from wages, salaries, income transfers (through governmental aid), and the ownership of property
127
capitalist Class (bourgeoisie)
Karl Marx's term for those who own the means of production
128
Working Class (proletariat)
Karl Marx's term for those who must sell their labour in order to earn enough money to survive
129
Karl Marx: Relation to the Means of Production
- Class position is determined by people's work situation, or relationship to the means of production (involving inequality and exploitation
- antagonism is due to differing material interests
- alienation of worker's
- capitalist class remains its position due to the control of society's superstructure (government, churches, etc)
- class conflict would lead to the workers overthrowing capitalists
- ->creation of an egalitarian society instead
130
Max Weber: Wealth, Prestige, and power
people's access to resources determined their life changes
- "ideal type"
- >entrepreneurs"-- owner possessing similar finances and power
- > "Rentiers" -- live off of investments and do not work
Working class and skilled, semi-skilled, unskilled and middle class
131
Weberian model of class structure
Based on :
(1) education
(2) occupation--> family head
(3) fmaily total income
-->upperclass, middle class, upper-middle class, working class
132
The Upper Class
- own substantial income-producing assets
(1) upper-upper class ("old money" families) --> elite
(2) lower-upper class (new money families)
there is separation due to prestige
133
Upper-middle class
- highly-educated/business-owners
(1) University level education
(2) Authority/independence while on the job site
(3) A high income
134
The middle Class
- used to require a high school diploma, now needs an undergraduate university degree or a college diploma
- Wright (4 classes)--> capitalist, managerial, small-business, working
(1) ownership of the means of production
(2) purchase of other's labour (employment of others)
(3) control of others' labour (supervision of others)
(4) sale of one's own labour (being employed by others)
135
The Capitalist Class (Wright)
Most power due to ownership of capital
| -->" ruling elites and class" --> power in politics
136
The Managerial Class (Wright)
- Substantial control over the means of production and workers
- -> upper-level managers, supervisors, and professionals
- -> lower-level managers, some managing control
137
Small Business class
- small-business owners and crafts people --> hire few others and do most work
- share attributes with members of the capitalist class
- formed corporations that hire and control the employees who produce profits for the professionals
138
Working Class
(1) Blue-collar workers
- highly skilled and well-paid
- unskilled and poorly paid
(2) white-collar workers
- "new middle class"
139
Low-Income Cutoff
The income level at which a family may be "straitened circumstances" because it spends its time obtain the basic necessities of life (food, shelter, and clothing) than average families.
140
Absolute Poverty
A level of economic deprivation in which people do not have the means to secure the basic necessities of life
141
Relative Poverty
A level of economic deprivation in which people may be able to afford basic necessities but still are unable to maintain an average living standard
142
Feminization of poverty
the trend in which women are disproportionately represented among individuals living in poverty.
143
Job Deskiling
A reduction in the proficiency needed to perform a specific job, which leads to perform a specific job, which leads to a corresponding reduction in the wages paid for that job.
144
Dependency Theory
The perspective that global poverty can at least partial be attributed to the fact that low-income countries have been exploited by high-income countries
145
New International Division of Labour Theory
the perspective that commodity production is split into sections and the assigned to whichever part of the work that can provide the most profitable combination of capital and labour
146
Sexism
The subordination of one sex, usually female, based on the assumed superiority of the other sex.
147
Patricarchy
A hierarchal system of social organization in which cultural, political, and economic structures are controlled by men
148
Matricarchy
A hierarchal system of social organization in which cultural, political, and economic structures are controlled my women.
149
Wage Gap
The disparity between women's and men's earnings
150
Pay Equity (the Comparable worth)
The belief that wages ought to reflect the worth of a job, not the gender or race of workers
151
Employment equity
A strategy to determine and eliminate the effects of discrimination to make employment opportunities available to groups who have been excluded
152
Perspectives on Gender Stratification
(1) Functionalist and neoclassical economic perspectives
(2) conflict perspectives
(3) feminist perspectives
(4) symbolic interactionist perspectives
153
Functionalist and neoclassical economic perspective
(1) the importance of traditional gender roles
(2) the human capital model (education)
(3) evaluation of functionalist and neoclassical economic perspectives (strict gender roles)
154
Conflict perspectives
gender division of labour causes some conflict between genders
--> economic, political, physical, and / o interpersonal power
155
Feminist Perspectives
(1) Liberal Feminism: gender equality= opportunity for individuals
(2) Radial feminism: male dominations causes all human oppression
(3) socialist feminism: dial roles--> unpaid and paid (in capitalist economies)
(4) Multicultural feminism :" second wave"--> feminism; equity for everyone
(5) postmodernist feminism: liberal, marxist,radical, socialist--> different types of women
156
Symbolic Interactionist Perspectives
- a microlevel analysis
- identity--> product of social interaction(s)
- "doing gender" ideas
157
Authoritarian Personality
- A personality type characterized by excessive conformity, submissiveness to authority, intolerance, insecurity, a high level of superstition, and rigid stereotypic thinking
158
Assimilation
A process by which members of subordinate racial and ethnic groups become absorbed into the dominant culture. (due to oppression)
159
Ethnic Pluralism
the coexistence of a variety of distinct racial and ethnic groups within one society
160
segregation
the spatial and social separation of categories of people by race/ethnicity, class, gender, and/or religions
-->leads to discrimination and external prejudices.
161
Conflict Perspectives
(1) Internal Colonialism--> a minority is forced into oppression
(2) the Split labour market theory--> primary and secondary tier(s) of workers
162
Critical Race Theory
Racism is so ingrained in western society, it appears to be "natural"
163
Sociologist view(s) on society
(1) stratified (classism)
(2) inequality
(3) race, gender, and class
