Final Exam Flashcards
1
Q
Location of Mesopotamia
A
Present-day Iraq and Syria
2
Q
The “Cradle of Civilization”
A
Mesopotamia
3
Q
Civilization
A
A culture that has attained a high degree of complexity, characterized by urban life
4
Q
Mesopotamian city-state
A
Ur
5
Q
Built the world’s first substantial empire
A
Sargon I
6
Q
City prominent under Hammurabi
A
Babylon
7
Q
Hammurabi best known for his ____ ____
A
law code
8
Q
One of the longest-lasting civilizations in history
A
Egypt
9
Q
The artifact used to decipher Egyptian hieroglyphics
A
Rosetta Stone
10
Q
Age of pyramids reaches zenith
A
Old Kingdom Period
11
Q
Location where the age of pyramids was at its zenith
A
Giza
12
Q
Israel’s divided kingdom
A
Israel and Judah
13
Q
Conquered Israel (the Northern tribes)
A
Assyrians
14
Q
Conquered Judah (the Southern kingdom)
A
Babylon
15
Q
People group alleged to be an example of error in the Bible
A
Hittites
16
Q
True or False: When archaeology verified Biblical references to the Hittites, historians practiced revisionism
A
True
17
Q
The Mediterranean’s greatest traders, navigators, shipbuilders, and colonizers
A
Phoenicians
18
Q
Dominated camel caravan trade
A
Arameans
19
Q
Militaristic and cruel people
A
Assyrians
20
Q
Babylonians aka
A
Chaldeans
21
Q
One of the “greatest conquerors in the history of the ancient near east”
A
Cyrus the Great
22
Q
The Epic of Gilgamesh written ___ Genesis
A
before
23
Q
Rule by a monarch, king or queen; may involve a royal family
A
Monarchy
24
Q
Geographical influences of Greece
A
Mountains & sea
25
Location of the Minoan civilization
Island of Crete
26
True or False: The Minoans did not have prosperous trade
False
27
Precipitated the Greek Dark Ages
A Dorian invasion
28
Where the Greeks defeated an invading Persian army in the Persian Wars
Marathon
29
A commercial & sea-faring Greek community
Athens
30
Greek city-state similar to modern totalitarian states
Sparta
31
"Winner" of the Peloponnesian War
Sparta
32
True or False: Truces were called during the Olympic Games
True
33
Original participants in the Olympic Games (men/women/children)
Men only
34
Hellenistic Age
Era in which Greek culture would be spread eastward
35
Greek beliefs moved from ___ to ___
mythology to philosophy
36
Founded the Academy
Plato
37
Purpose of the Academy
To train the Athenian ruling class
38
Associated with elements of both deductive and inductive reducing
Aristotle
39
Transitions of Roman political life
Republic to dictatorship to empire
40
Roman council of nobles
Senate
41
Tore apart the Roman Republic
Internal dissension
42
Enacted military changes in Rome
Gaius Marius
43
Responsible for the death/enslavement of over 1 million people
Julius Caesar
44
2nd triumvirate (after Julius Caesar's death)
Antony, Octavian, and Lepidus
45
True or False: Augustus had legislation against adultery
True
46
Pax Romana
The Roman Peace
47
Tetrarchy
A sharing of power among four rulers
48
Location of Constantine's victory [against Maxentius]
Milvian Bridge
49
Constantine moved the capital of the Roman Empire to ___
Byzantium
50
Destroyed Jerusalem and the Temple [A.D. 70]
Titus
51
True or False: The Roman Empire fell in the East
False; it fell only in the West. The Eastern half lived on
52
True or False: There were multiple reasons for the Roman Empire's fall
True
53
The first (or earliest) [time period of world history] is called the ___ World/Era.
premodern
54
The second (or middle designation) [of world history] is called the ___ World/Era.
modern
55
The third (or last/current) [time period of world history] is called the ___ World/Era.
postmodern
56
The first (or earliest) Era could be characteized by a ___ view of time/history.
cyclical
57
The second (or middle designation) Era could be characterized by the term ___.
progress
58
The third (or last/current) Era could be characterized by its acceptance of ___ instead of absolutes.
relativism
59
In contrast to a secular philosophy of history, a Biblical philosophy of history would encompass these elements:
[1] A ___ view of time/history
linear
60
In contrast to a secular philosophy of history, a Biblical philosophy of history would encompass these elements:
[2] An identification that history unfolds according to God's ___
sovereignty
61
In contrast to a secular philosophy of history, a Biblical philosophy of history would encompass these elements:
[3] An acknowledgement that man is not improving himself but in need of ___.
redemption
62
In contrast to a secular philosophy of history, a Biblical philosophy of history would encompass these elements:
[4] A recognition that ___ exists
truth
63
True or False: Barbarians sometimes fought against themselves and sometimes against Rome
True
64
[18th century belief] asserting that Jesus never lived but was invented
Christ-myth School
65
Pagan source attesting to the historicity of Jesus
"Roman Annals" by Cornelius Tacitus
66
Reason for Roman persecution of Christians
Viewed as disloyal subjects of the Empire
Their lifestyle sharply contrasted Roman culture (Christians refused to go to the arena, theaters, or public baths)
67
Granted full religious freedom throughout the Roman Empire
Edict of Milan
68
Sought to defend or explain Christianity
Apologists
69
Attacked heretical ideas
Polemicists
70
Attended Council of Nicaea
Constantine & church bishops
71
Number of positions regarding Jesus' essence presented at Nicaea
3
72
[The Biblical (and Athanasian) view of Jesus' essence]
Jesus has the same essence as the Father
73
Translated the Bible into Latin
Jerome
74
The Latin translation of the Bible
The Vulgate
75
The authorized Catholic Bible
Vulgate
76
Developed a Christian Philosophy of History
Augustine
77
Championed the Whole Tenor Principle
Augustine
78
Muslim empire of the Turks to ultimately capture Constantinople
Ottoman Empire
79
True or False: Constantinople was poorly located
False; It was strategically located for commercial purposes and political influence
80
Icons
Religious images used to foster worship
81
Iconoclasts
People who tried to destroy all icons
82
True or False: The Eastern Orthodox church allows the veneration of icons
True (as of A.D. 843)
83
Reason's for the Byzantine Empire's Endurance
1. Possessed a money economy
2. Possessed advanced military science
3. Had a centralized administration
84
Brought an upsurge in the papacy's rise/position/authority
Barbarian invasions
85
[Theological] bases for the pope's claim of supreme authority
1. Petrine Theory
2. Apostolic Succession
86
Did Petrine Theory and Apostolic Succession coalesce quickly or slowly?
Slowly
87
True or False: The NT mentions Peter serving as Bishop of Rome
False; it's legend
88
Another name for Gregory the Great
Pope Gregory I
89
Individual who gave impetus to the development of the doctrine of purgatory
Gregory I
90
Purgatory
A place in which are detained the souls of those [suffering] for debt for sin unpaid; it's necessary because the person has not made complete satisfaction for sins.
91
3 of the 7 Sacraments
Holy Eucharist
Holy Orders
Extreme Unction
92
The heart of the Mass service
Holy Eucharist
93
Transubstantiation
At the priest's words, the elements of [eucharist] actually become the body and blood of Christ
94
Holy Orders
aka Ordination
Priests are sanctioned for their work by a bishop
95
Extreme Unction
aka Last Rites
Given by a priest to someone near death for forgiveness of sins
96
Buddhism
Has no gods, but is based on Four Noble Truths
97
Hinduism
Possesses a type of henotheistic trinity, but has thousands of other deities
98
Henotheism
Many gods, but one main god
99
Confucianism
May be described as "Rational Humanism"
100
Taoism
aka Daoism
May be described as "Intuitive Mysticism"
101
Mencius
[A Confucian who added] new dimensions to Confucian thought [in the areas of] human nature & government
102
Legalism [a Chinese philosophy]
Embraces a pragmatic approach
103
Pragmatism
Practical as opposed to ideal
104
True or False: Islam is a united entity
False
105
Traditions that guide the Islamic community since Muhammad's death
Hadith, Sunnah, and Sharia
106
Hadith
Report(s) [of the words & deeds of Muhammad and other early Muslims]
107
Sunnah
Established [Islamic] custom
108
Shariah
Ideal Islamic law
109
Explain Islam's split
Began with disagreement over Muhammad's sucessor. Sunnis upheld the principle that the caliph (leader) owed his position to the consent of the Islamic community. Shiites believed only Muhammad's descendants/kinsmen could lead.
110
Kabba
Shrine in Mecca
111
The Hegira (or Hijra)
[Muhammad's] "migration"; the starting year for the Muslim calendar
112
Quran
"Recite"; refers to the reciting of the revelations to Muhammad. Muslims view it as the final revelation from God
113
True or False: Muslim beliefs vary given the social/legal climate
True
114
Number of wives permitted in Islam
Up to 4
115
Muslim view of Jesus
He did not die on the cross but was protected from crucifixion
116
Became the College of Cardinals
Curia
117
Created to select a pope
Curia/College of Cardinals
118
Primogeniture
The right of an eldest son to succeed to the estate of his father at the exclusion of all his siblings
119
Simony
The buying and selling of spiritual or church benefits
120
Established his rule over much of the former Roman Empie in Europe
Charlemagne
121
Made their home in Scandinavia
Vikings/Norsemen
122
Medieval political relationship
Feudalism
123
Granted land (fief) to a vassal
Lord
124
Ensured law/order on the fief
Vassal
125
Medieval economic relationship
Manorialism
126
System in which serfs lived on the lord's manor
Manorialism
127
Geographical location of the Holy Roman Empire
German States and Northern Italy
128
Became King of England [after the Battle of Hastings]
William the Conqueror
129
True or False: William the Conqueror was a ruler in France & England
True
130
True or False: Simony and Primogeniture have no relation to the Investiture Struggle
False
131
Crusaders were motivated by ___ ___ __ ___ ___
the desire to earn salvation
132
[Ecclesiastical] result of the Crusades
Increased conflict between the Eastern and Western churches
133
Indulgence
Is partial or plenary according as it removes either part or all of the temporal punishment due to sin
134
The most powerful pope
Pope Innocent III
135
Implied that the law is above the king
The Magna Carta
136
The Black Death
A combination of bubonic & pneumonic plagues
137
True or False: The plague happened in one huge sweep
False; it was episodic
138
Cause of the plague
A bacterium
139
The Great Western Schism
Two popes, one in Rome and one in Avignon
140
The Conciliar Movement
A universal council representing the entire church
141
True or False: The Conciliar Movement eventually ended the Catholic multi-pope dilemma
True
142
Established England & France as clearly distinct nations
The Hundred Years' War
143
Won the War of the Roses
Henry Tudor
144
The Reconquista
"Re-conquest"
A "crusade" designed to oust Muslims who had invaded Spain
145
Renaissance
French word meaning "rebirth"
146
True or False: The Renaissance stayed in Northern Italy; it did not move across the Alps
False
147
Aspects of the Renaissance
Humanism
Secularism
Individualism
148
How the arts were sponsored in the Renaissance (patronage)
Italian leaders possessed disposable income
149
Cultural centre/heart of Renaissance life
Florence (aka Firenze)
150
What is a Renaissance man?
A multi-talented individual
151
The Renaissance man (individual)
Leonardo da Vinci
152
Dutch scholar; the Prince of Humanists
Desiderius Erasmus
153
Wrote The Prince
Niccolo Machiavelli
154
Painted the Sistine Chapel ceiling
Michelangelo
155
Treaty of Tordesillas (date)
1494
156
Treaty of Tordesillas
Agreement to divide the Americas. It drew a vertical line of demarcation, giving Spain the rights all the land west of the line and Portugal all the rights to the land east of the line
157
Conquered the Aztecs
Hernan Cortes
158
Location of the Aztecs
Mexico (Mexico City fell to Cortes)
159
Hernan Cortes conquers the Aztecs (date)
1519 - 1521
160
Conquers the Incas
Francisco Pizarro
161
Location of the Incas
Peru
162
Francisco Pizarro conquers the Incas in Peru (date)
1531 - 1533
163
1st successful/permanent English settlement in N. America
Jamestown, Virginia
164
Establishment of 1st successful English settlement in N. America (date)
1607
165
True or False: The Mayflower had no pilgrims
False
166
The Mayflower landed at ___ ___
Plymouth, Massachusetts
167
The Mayflower lands at Plymouth (date)
1620
168
Conquistador
Spanish for "conqueror"; refers to Spaniards who conquered territory
169
Galleon
Large-hulled Spanish ship used to carry cargo
170
Reason for the Exploration of the New World
The overland trade route to Asia was hindered by the Ottoman Turks; they desired a sea route
171
Caravel
A fast ship with [triangular] sails for sailing into a headwind
172
Motives for exploration into the New World
God, Greed, & Glory
173
Sailed around Africa, then continued on to India & returned
Vasco da Gama
174
Genoese sailor who convinced Queen Isabella of Castille to support him
Christopher Columbus
175
True or False: For the rest of his life Columbus believed that he had landed in Asia
True
176
His crew returned to Spain after circumnavigating the globe
[Ferdinand] Magellan
177
The sole purpose of the Spanish settlements in the New World
To bolster the Spanish economy
178
Oldest city in the U.S.
St. Augustine
179
True or False: Spain developed a convoy system (using guard ships & galleons) to make the[ir] voyage safer
True
180
True or False: Many French people moved to North America
False; few moved, and many of those who did eventually left
181
Cash crop of Jamestown
Tobacco
182
Another name for the Pilgrims
Separatists
183
Settled the Massachusetts Bay Colony
Puritans
184
Searched for a Northwest Passage
Henry Hudson
185
True or False: Native cultures were upheld in the European Expansion
False; they were undermined
186
The Columbian Exchange
The exchange of Old & New World plants, animals, and diseases
187
Events bookmarking the era of the Reformation
95 Theses to the Thirty Years' War
188
Era of the Protestant Reformation (date)
1517 - 1648
189
Ulrich Zwingli launches the Reformation in Zurich
1519
190
First supreme head (on earth) of the Church of England (Anglican Church)
Henry VIII
191
Henry VIII confirmed as supreme head of the Church of England (date)
1534
192
Council of Trent & the Counter-Reformation (date)
1545 - 1563
193
Event when TULIP was formed
Synod of Dort
194
Synod of Dort (date)
1618 - 1619
195
Another name for Desiderius Erasmus
Erasmus of Rotterdam
196
Regarded as "the scholar" of Europe
Erasmus of Rotterdam
197
Exposed the abuses in the Catholic church by denouncing the ignorance/idleness of the monks
Erasmus of Rotterdam
198
Causes of the Reformation
Corruption in the Catholic church
Monarchs/rulers politically strong enough to challenge church power
The popularity of mysticism
A new intellectual climate
199
Issued a plenary indulgence to raise funds for the completion of St. Peter's Basilica
Leo X
200
The immediate cause of the Reformation
John Tetzel began indulgence sales in German lands
201
95 Theses
Academic points for scholarly debate
202
True or False: Luther defended some of Huss' views
True
203
Luther was a subject of ___ __ ___
Frederick the Wise
204
Where Luther was condemned as a heretic & outlaw
Diet of Worms
205
How Luther was saved from arrest & death after the Diet of Worms
He was "kidnapped" by representatives of Frederick and taken to the Wartburg Castle
206
Translated the Greek New Testament into German
Martin Luther; done while hidden away in the Wartburg Castle
207
Act of Supremacy
Act of the English Parliament which made the king supreme head of the Church of England
208
Society of Jesus
Jesuits
209
Founded the Jesuits
Ignatius Loyola
210
Took a vow expressing special loyalty to the pope
Ignatius Loyola
211
The three tasks Ignatius Loyola focused on
Education
Winning back areas from Protestantism
Foreign missions
212
[Henry VIII's wife,] executed for adultery
Anne Boleyn
213
Devout Catholic [monarch] who tried to lead England back to Rome
Mary I
214
English king under whom policy shifted abruptly in a Protestant direction
Edward VI
215
The Protestant movement brought its followers back to three basic principles of biblical Christianity, which are:
The Bible as the sole authority (sola Scriptura, Scripture alone)
Justification by faith alone
Priesthood of all believers
216
The 4 Major ecclesiastical streams of the Reformation
Lutheran
Anglican
Reformed
Anabaptist
217
Geographical distribution of the Reformation
Northern Europe became predominantly Protestant while Southern Europe remained predominantly Catholic
218
True or False: Under Henry VIII the Anglican Church had much doctrinal change
False
219
The Reformed theologians/leaders
Ulrich Zwingli
John Knox
John Calvin
[Zwingli Knox Calvin (on the head ;>)]
220
Led the Reformation in Zurich, Switzerland
Ulrich Zwingli
221
Led the Reformation in Geneva, Switzerland
John Calvin
222
Referred to as the systematizer of the Reformation
John Calvin
223
Led the Reformation in Scotland
John Knox
224
Event at which Arminianism was unanimously rejected
Synod of Dort
225
TULIP; the 5 points of Calvinism
Total Depravity
Unconditional Election
Limited Atonement
Irresistible Grace
Perseverance of the Saints
226
True or False: The Anabaptists were a single coherent group
False; no one person tied the movement together
227
Constituted the "radical reformation"
Anabaptists
228
Catholic council to reject the Protestant view of Scripture alone
The Council of Trent
229
Mariolatry
The veneration of Mary; outright worship of Mary
230
Veneration
Reverential respect & awe, admiring deference
231
[Principal] component of Mariolatry
Immaculate Conception
232
Immaculate Conception
The belief that Mary was conceived without sin (free of original sin)
233
Victor in the Revolt of the Netherlands
Netherlands
234
Combatants in the Revolt of the Netherlands
Spain and the Netherlands
235
Edict to end the French Wars of Religion
Edict of Nantes
236
The Thirty Years' War
A series of conflicts with religious, dynastic, and territorial concerns
237
The Defenestration of Prague
Prague Protestants threw two ministers & their secretary out of a window; during the 30 Years' War
238
Ended the Holy Roman Empire [& the 30 Years' War]
The Peace of Westphalia
