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russia and after (95 cards)

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1
Q

when did the soviet union fall

A

1991

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2
Q

who ruled russia when they became an authoritarian state

A

vladimir putin

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3
Q

what place in russia has extensive rivers and canals, cold winters and cool summers, and poor acidic soil

A

western russia

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4
Q

what physically separates European Russia from Siberia

A

the Ural Mountains

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5
Q

where is the area of major earthquakes

A

the Caucasus and Transcaucasia

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6
Q

what happened after the soviet policy of building large clusters of industrial processing and manufacturing plants were built

A

lots of polluted cities

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7
Q

what do the ural mountains separate

A

they physically separate european russia from siberia

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8
Q

what covers northern siberia and what covers the south of it

A

tundra on the north and taiga on the south

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9
Q

why is the far east of russia warmer and milder

A

it is close to the pacific ocean

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10
Q

what environmental issues resulted from soviet industrial policies

A

pollution from the industrial plants and nuclear programs. and the chernobyl disaster in 1986

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11
Q

what are possible effects of climate change on russia

A

northern expansion of farming, easier Arctic development, sea level rise, permafrost melting, and carbon release

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12
Q

what is russification

A

the soviet policy of relocating russians to non-russian areas to increase dominance

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13
Q

what contributed to russias demographic crisis

A

low birth rates, high male mortality, economic decline, and healthcare issues

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14
Q

what is the dominant religion in russia, belarus, and ukraine

A

eastern orthodox Christianity

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15
Q

what caused the collapse of the soviet union

A

Gorbachev’s glasnost and perestroika policies, and the independence of its 15 republics by December of 1991

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16
Q

what is the eurasian economic union

A

a post soviet initiative to counterbalance EU growth

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17
Q

what factors contributed to conflict in the region after the soviet union collapsed

A

Ukraine’s political alignment, the 2013-2014 crisis, and the 2022 invasion of Ukraine

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18
Q

What countries are typically included in Central Asia?

A

Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan; sometimes Azerbaijan, Mongolia, Afghanistan, and parts of western China are also included.

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19
Q

what was the silk road

A

A trade route from the 2nd century BCE to the 18th century CE, which declined around 1500 and disappeared by 1800.

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20
Q

describe central asia’s climate and environment

A

Continental climate with temperature extremes, landlocked, dry, and environmentally diverse with plateaus, mountains, steppes, and deserts.

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21
Q

what causes the Himalayas to form

A

The collision of the Indian subcontinent with the Asian mainland.

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22
Q

What are major environmental issues in Central Asia?

A

Desertification, salinization, drying wetlands, Aral Sea shrinkage, Caspian Sea drainage, and climate change effects like glacier melting and droughts.

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23
Q

What is nomadic pastoralism, and where is it practiced in Central Asia?

A

A way of life involving herding animals, practiced in the northern steppes of Central Asia.

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24
Q

what is a forward capital

A

a new capital build in a peripheral area to strengthen political and economic influence, like Astana in Kazakhstan

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25
what religions dominate central Asia
islam in the west and center and Tibetan Buddhism in Tibet and Mongolia
26
how has china been accused of repressing religion in central Asia
by sending Uighur Muslims in Xinjiang to detention camps for “re-education.”
27
what was the impact of communist rule on central Asia
Local leaders replaced by loyal officials, Russian immigration encouraged, local languages changed to Cyrillic, and national identities promoted over a Soviet identity.
28
What happened in Central Asia after the USSR disintegrated in 1991?
Authoritarian rulers retained power, border conflicts persisted, and there were human rights concerns, including bans on cotton imports from Xinjiang
29
What are major post-communist economic challenges in Central Asia?
Loss of Soviet subsidies, reliance on remittances from workers in Russia, and environmental issues from cotton production.
30
What are social conditions like in Central Asia?
Afghanistan has low social development, former Soviet areas have higher education and health levels, and Mongolia is known for gender equity and education.
31
What is bride kidnapping, and where has it seen resurgence?
A practice of abducting women for marriage, which has seen resurgence in Kyrgyzstan despite harsher prison sentences
32
what countries are included in east asia
china, taiwan, japan, south korea, and north korea
33
why is east asia considered a core area of the world economy
because it has advanced economies with large populations
34
how was east Asia politically divided in the 20th century
capitalist economy's separated from the communist block
35
what is the "one-China principal"
china views Taiwan as a rogue region; Taiwans populating varies in their views but generally does not consider itself part of the Peoples Republic of China
36
what is the climate of china like
37
what is the climate of japan like
38
what is the climate of the Koreas like
39
what is the climate of taiwan like
40
what are environmental challenges east asia faces
earthquakes, tsunamis, and pollution
41
what is "pollution exporting"
japan relocating factories to other countries due to strict environmental laws
42
what are Chinas carbon emission goals
to peak emissions by 2030 and become carbon-neutral by 2060
43
how does climate change impact china
melts glaciers and rises sea levels, and biodiversity loss
44
how does climate change japan
there is increased heat stress, typhoons, and sea levels rise
45
how does climate change impact south korea
extreme weather events
46
how does climate change impact north korea
food insecurity
47
what population issues affect east asia
old population and low tfr
48
how has the tfr changed in japan
it is struggling to increase birth rates
49
how has the tfr changes in south korea
it is at the worlds lowest right now
50
how has the tfr of china changed
low birth rates after passing the one child policy
51
what are the 3 major religions in east asia
buddhism, shinto, and Taoism
52
what cultural influences shape east asia
confucianism and unique written languages
53
how urbanized is japan
8%
54
how urbanized is south korea
81%
55
how urbanized is china
61%
56
what is chinas hukou system
a household registration system determining access to public services
57
what cultural exports have japan popularized
video games and anime
58
what cultural exports have south korea popularized
k-pop, k-dramas, and k-beauty
59
what is the 4B movement in south korea
its a female run movement where they are refusing, sex, marriage, dating, and childbirth
60
what were the 2 major economic disasters under Mao Zedong
the great leap forward and the cultural revolution
61
what is north korea's economy like
they reject globalization which leads to isolation and sanction
62
what is south korea's economy like
it has adopted an export led industrialization.
63
what regions are included in oceania
australia, new guinea, new zealand, and islands stretching to hawaii
64
how is oceania marked by the effects of colonialism
Still home to many territories that are part of countries located elsewhere, with lingering colonial impacts.
65
How have growing linkages to Asia affected Oceania?
Major shifts in migration and economic ties
66
What is the political and economic status of Australia and New Zealand?
Australia forms its own political unit and subregion, and both Australia and New Zealand are highly developed economically.
67
what are the 3 subregions of oceania as defined based on early european explorers
polynesia melanesia micronesia
68
polynesia
many islands
69
melanesia
black islands
70
micronesia
small islands
71
what are the main topographic regions of australia
western plateau inferior lowlands great dividing range
72
what are the topographical features of new zealand
north island has active volcanic peaks and south island has higher, more rugged mountains along its western spine
73
what is the ring of fire and how does it affect oceania
a seismically active region that causes volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and tsunamis in many parts of the ocean
74
What is the difference between high and low islands in Oceania?
High islands: Formed by volcanic activity, have fertile soil, and are higher in elevation. Low islands: Formed by coral reefs, smaller, flatter, and less fertile
75
Why are some islands in Oceania facing water shortages
Low islands receive less precipitation, making water availability a challenge.
76
What is the climate pattern in Australia
it is dry in the center and has more precipitation towards the coast
77
what environmental issues are present in australia
-Destruction of eucalyptus woodlands. -Desertification and salinization due to overgrazing. -Introduced species like rabbits and cats endangering native species.
78
what environmental challanges do oceanias low island face
rising sea levels
79
how has climate change affected australia and new zealand
-Australia faces frequent droughts, heat waves, and bushfires. -New Zealand's glaciers are melting, and the Great Barrier Reef is experiencing coral bleaching.
80
What percentage of Australians live in urban areas?
About 90% live in the Sydney or Melbourne metropolitan areas.
81
What is a significant trend in the population of New Zealand?
70% of the population lives on the north island
82
What demographic problems do some Pacific islands face?
High population growth rates, particularly on smaller islands, and outmigration due to lack of employment opportunities.
83
Who were the original inhabitants of Australia?
Aboriginal people who arrived about 60,000 years ago from Southeast Asia.
84
How did European colonization affect Australia and New Zealand?
-Australia was settled as a penal colony starting in 1788. -New Zealand attracted English settlers in the 19th century. -Hawaii was annexed by the US in 1898.
85
What cultural heritage dominates Australia's population today?
More than 70% of Australians have British or Irish cultural heritage
86
How has Australia's migration policy changed over time
Initially restrictive with the White Australia Policy (1901-1973), now immigration is based on skills, education, and economic potential.
87
What is the main driver of Australia's current population growth?
Immigration, especially from Asia.
88
How has China influenced Australia's economy?
China is Australia's largest trade partner, boosting industries like mining and tourism
89
What are the primary economic sectors in Australia and New Zealand?
Both are service-dominated economies, with significant extraction and tourism sectors.
90
How has New Zealand's economy evolved since the 1970s
It transitioned to a highly open, business-friendly economy, shifting from reliance on British exports to more diversified trade.
91
What economic condition exists in many parts of Melanesia?
Melanesia is the least-developed and poorest part of Oceania, with many people living in isolated villages with limited access to the modern economy.
92
Why is Oceania considered a strategic region globally?
Due to its location and the presence of strategic outposts, especially with the US, Australia, and the UK’s AUKUS pact and China’s growing influence.
93
How has the relationship between Australia and China evolved?
China is Australia's primary trade partner, but tensions have arisen over human rights issues and concerns about Chinese influence within Australia.
94
How does Oceania contribute to global environmental issues?
Oceania contributes relatively little atmospheric pollution, but it is heavily affected by climate change, including rising sea levels and environmental degradation.
95
What are the challenges faced by Oceania's low islands due to climate change?
Rising sea levels threaten the existence of many low islands, prompting calls for financial aid from developed nations.

geography (2 decks)

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