Final Exam Flashcards
(154 cards)
1
Q
T/F. Greater advances have been made in the nutrition of equine athletics than human athletics in the last 30-40 years
A
False
2
Q
T/F. A hot-blooded Arabian or Thoroughbred has a relatively larger heart based on body mass compared to a cold-blooded draft horse.
A
True
3
Q
T/F. The primary goal of equine exercise science should be to ultimately improve race times
A
False
4
Q
T/F. Human athletes have a greater vertical jumping ability (as a percentage of body length) when compared with the horse.
A
True
5
Q
T/F. A horse’s maximal heart rate can reach 6 to 10 times their resting heart rate.
A
True
6
Q
T/F. Similar to humans, horses do not exhibit an increase in hematocrit levels during exercise.
A
False
7
Q
T/F. Lactate build-up is the cause of the muscle soreness felt for a few days after an intense bout of exercise.
A
False
8
Q
T/F. When there is not enough oxygen in the body to complete the Krebs (TCA) cycle, pyruvate is stored as lactic acid, which can later be used as a substrate for energy when oxygen is present.
A
True
9
Q
T/F. Type 2 muscle fibers tend to be smaller in diameter than type 1 fibers.
A
False
10
Q
T/F. Using swimming as exercise can benefit a horses cardiovascular system as well as strengthen the skeleton.
A
False, not skeleton
11
Q
T/F. A decrease in oxygen content of the blood is the most potent stimuli for ventilation.
A
False
12
Q
T/F. A human running a marathon should drink water frequently, usually before they are even thirsty, in order to avoid dehydration.
A
False
13
Q
T/F. Many electrolyte pastes are a useful and cost-effective way to replace electrolytes lost during exercise.
A
False
14
Q
Which has more limitations to ventilation?
- Humans
- Horses
- Both are equal
A
Horses
15
Q
which site contributes more to getting rid of extra heat produced during exercise by a horse?
- the skin
- the respiratory tract
- both are equal
A
The skin
16
Q
Research has shown that about what percent of Thoroughbred experience blood in their lungs after exercising as shown through bronchoaveolar lavage (BAL), also known as a lung wash?
A
100%
17
Q
Epistaxis describes what condition?
A
Blood coming from the nostrils of a horse
18
Q
In response to the speed of exercise, heart rate will do what?
A
Increase linearly until it plateaus at its max HR.
19
Q
Pulmonary blood pressure does what during exercise and why?
A
Increase because of increased cardiac output
20
Q
Hyponatremia refers to what condition?
A
Water intoxication/drinking too much water
21
Q
50% of all genes in the thoroughbred population come from how many horses?
A
10
22
Q
80% of all genes in the thoroughbred population come from how many horses?
A
31
23
Q
VO2 max is determined by what
A
How much blood is being pumped and how much oxygen is being extracted from that blood
24
Q
Cardiac output is determined by multiplying what
A
Heart rate X stroke volume
25
To measure efficiency of a training program, you record a horse's V200 on day 1 of training, and again on day 30. If the program is indeed increasing the horse's fitness, what should happen to the V200?
Increase
26
Which breed is the fastest?
Quarter Horse
27
The "V" in V02max stands for what
Volume
28
How does the VO2 max of elite human runners compare to the VO2 max of average thoroughbreds?
Humans about half of horses
29
Of the following, which was NOT an event for which videos were watched in class?
-Polo
-Thoroughbred racing
-Driving
-Calf-roping
-Cutting
Polo
30
Which has the greatest maximal heart rate?
-Horses
-Humans
-Equal
Horses
31
What was the probable reason why Secretariat so much better than his peers?
Heart twice as large
32
Which has a greater influence on athletic ability, the variability due to hereditary factors or the variability due to environmental factors?
Environmental
33
What is a reasonable value of cardiac output for the average working horse?
300 L/min
34
Of the following, which was NOT an event for which videos were watched in class?
- Reining
- Draft Horse Pulling
- Freestyle dressage
- Saddle Bronc Riding
- Quarter Horse Racing
Draft Horse Pulling
35
Which of the following events has produced the greatest percent decrease in record times since 1935?
- Kentucky Derby
- Puppy mile
- Human mile
Human Mile
36
What is the average hematocrit value for a horse during maximal exercise?
60-70%
37
A slow twitch muscle fiber is also known as what type of fiber?
Type 1
38
With a thoroughbred running a 6-furlong race, they are performing anaerobically or aerobically?
A combination of both
39
Which would be a reasonable estimate for the maximum heart rate of a horse?
225 bpm
40
The best-suited breed for endurance racing is?
Arabian
41
An endurance horse will have what type of appearance?
Slender
42
A sprinting horse will have what type of appearance?
Heavily muscled
43
With prolonged exercise, whose sweat contains more electrolytes? (i.e. who loses more electrolytes during exercise?)
- horses
- humans
- both are equal
Horses
44
What does the "V" stand for in V200?
Velocity
45
For comparison reasons, what is considered to be the anaerobic threshold for lactate?
4 mmol/l
46
In recent years, which has decreased more?
- Race Times of Standardbreds
- Race times of thoroughbreds
Race times of Standardbreds
47
What is the structure in which red blood cells are stored, that contracts when necessary causing hematocrit to rise, allowing for an increase in circulating oxygen?
Spleen
48
What is the term that represents the amount of air that is inhaled and exhaled with each breath?
Tidal Volume
49
The winner of which event is the one who crosses the finish line first?
- Competitive trail ride
- Endurance ride
- both
Endurance race
50
In 100 mile endurance rides, what is the major reason for horses failing to finish?
Lameness
51
Which of the following is true regarding the effects of Lassix (furosemide)?
- Functions as a diuretic
- Decreases plasma volume
- Decreases pulmonary pressure
- Reduces pulmonary hemorrhage
- All
All
52
T/F. As work intensity increases above the anaerobic threshold, so does lactate accumulation.
True
53
T/F. One can be reasonably assured that supplements that are natural are safer than those that are artificially produced.
False
54
T/F. Rigor Mortis occurs because muscle proteins have been broken down and can't relax
False
55
T/F. There are typically no guarantees (other than maybe that they don't crib) for horses sold at a public sale or auction.
True
56
T/F. During regular exercise, all muscle fibers are typically contracting at once
False
57
T/F. Collagen has a long turnover time and is unlikely to completely repair within a horse's lifetime after injury to cartilage.
True
58
T/F. The order of muscle fiber repletion is the same, regardless of exercise type.
True
59
T/F. Repetitive longing of your horse ca induce stress.damage on their joints.
True
60
T/F. Most training-related changes in horses result in increased oxidative capacity.
True
61
T/F. Most nutrients are absorbed in the stomach.
False
62
T/F. Dietary fiber decreases salivation and chewing
False
63
T/F. The traditional method of trimming has only the hoof wall in contact with the ground on hard surfaces.
True
64
T/F. The glycogen sparing effect allows horses to use fat as an energy source during maximal exercise.
False
65
T/F. Immobilization and strenuous exercise are equally harmful to the collagen found in cartilage.
False
66
T/F. K+ is lost in sweat but replaced through good forages.
True
67
T/F. Vitamins typically need to be supplemented to exercising horses, as they are not sufficient in forage and grain.
False
68
T/F. Nutraceuticals are required to be FDA-tested and approved.
False
69
T/F. When purchasing a horse, good conformation and athletic ability are always the most important qualities.
False
70
T/F. Supplementing standardbred racehorses with branch-chained amino acids will increase racing performance.
False
71
T/F. Carnitine is found naturally in the horses diet.
False- found in meat
72
T/F. When purchasing sand for an arena surface, most types are similar and it does not matter as much to what type you get (other than if you have a color preference as that can vary).
False
73
At what range of lactate concentration does the anaerobic threshold occur?
2-4 mmol/L
74
If exercise intensity is high (like during sprinting), glycogen utilization and depletion occurs in which muscle type first?
2B
75
From the poultry analogy discussed in class, what type of muscle fiber would you find in the dark meat of a wild duck?
Type 1
76
Where are the majority of fast fibers typically located in a muscle?
On the outside
77
Which occurs substantially throughout an animal's life?
- Bone modeling
- Bone remodeling
- Both
Bone remodeling
78
About how long does glycogen repletion of all muscle fibers take in horses?
72 hours
79
During the first 3 months of a foal's life, what happens to glycolytic capacity?
Increases
80
As glucose in the bloodstream rises after grain consumption in a normal horse, what happens to insulin?
Increases
81
What is primarily responsible for holding the moisture in arena footing?
Organic matter
82
A decrease in the mineral content of the third metacarpal seen when horses initially enter training is usually caused by what?
Decreased loading of the skeleton associated with stalling
83
Which of the following is the only one you can look at your horse to be able to easily decide if they are getting enough?
- Energy
- Fiber
- Vitamins
- protein
- fat
Energy
84
What is accomplished by adding barium to shoes during winter?
Adds traction- when the hoof hits the ground it does not rotate
85
What is the recommended percent fat content for a horse being fed a high-fat diet (in order to have notable improvements in performance)?
10%
86
What is required to break down (utilize) dietary fat into energy?
Oxygen
87
Which horse has a higher protein requirement on a percentage basis?
- Maintenance horse- 8yrs old
- Exercising horse- 8yrs old
- Growing 2yr old
- All have same requirement
Growing 2yr old
88
What is the main reason why nutraceuticals are cheaper than drugs?
Nutraceuticals undergo less testing and research
89
When evaluating a horse's bloodlines, which is more important?
- siblings
- grandparents
- great-grandparents
- consigners
Siblings
90
When handicapping racehorses (trying to figure out who will win), what Is most important?
Past performances
91
If a horse has never won a race, it would most likely run in which race type?
Maiden race
92
A study published in the Australian Veterinary Journal reported which group of young thoroughbreds had more injures while training, those with opened or closed knees?
Closed knees
93
If you see the following in a sale catalog for a thoroughbred racehorse, what can you tell about that horse without reading anything else?
Mynamelookslikethis
That is ran second or third in at least one stakes race
94
Shear resistance is the:
Surface's resistance to penetration by the toe during push-off
95
What do "Sliders" shoes do?
Provide a large, smooth, traction-less surface
96
What do Keg shoes with heel caulks do?
Increases traction on slick, soft, or tough terrain
97
What are Polo shoes?
Inside rim raised above the outside rim
98
Which of the options below would reduce the risk of tendon injury?
-Wait until horse is fully mature to start training
- leave toes long and trim heels short
- train on deep, sandy surfaces
- Warm up horse before exercise
Warm up horse before exercise
99
Usually when trying to evaluate sale horses, which has more information about the potential athletic ability of the horse in which you are interested? The sire or dam?
The Sire
100
Through which would a horse go for a cheaper price (usually) - public auction or private sale
Public auction
101
A bowed tendon injury involves which tendon?
Superficial flexor tendon
102
Management practices for bowed tendon?
decrease inflammation, pain, bleeding, hematoma, and scar tissue
103
Bowed Tendon causes
- Deep, soft surfaces
- Long toes
- Incorrect bandaging
- Fatigue
104
Dorsal Metacarpal Disease
Bucked Shins
105
Carpitis/Chip Fractures can affect which bones?
- Radial Carpus
- 3rd Carpal
- Intermediate Carpal
106
Traumatic Joint Disease/DJD osteoarthritis treatments
- rest
- swimming
- joint lavage
- glucosamine and CS
- NSAIDS
- Sodium hyaluronate
- IM or IV PSGAGs
- Intra-articular corticosteroids
107
What is joint lavage?
Removal of intra-articular fragments and mediators of DJD
108
What are some ways to prevent injuries
- train young
- be cautious training by a calendar
- listen to your horse
- stalling can be detrimental
109
What is Herbal treatment for injuries?
Treating with herbs, things found naturally, etc.
110
Does treatment by massage work to treat injury?
There is no evidence that it does or does not
111
Why is acupuncture used as a treatment for injury?
Because it has always been done this way. There is no proof it is good or bad
112
What is homeopathic injury treatment?
Products made from minerals, botanical substances, and several other sources and then heavily diluted in distilled water and/or alcohol
113
What are some uses for leg wraps?
- protection
- looks
114
Splint Boots/Skid Boots purpose?
try to prevent horse from injuring splint bone
115
Run Downs purpose?
Protect ankles from hitting the ground
116
Standing wraps/stall bandage purpose?
Prevent swelling while in stalls overnight
117
Which direction should you wrap the leg? Why?
Towards the tail- don't want to put too much pressure on the tendon
118
What happens if you wrap a bandage too tight or incorrectly?
Can cause Bowed Tendon
119
T/F. Bandages provide support that reduces tendon injures.
False, bandages increase support and decrease blood flow
120
T/F. Iron supplements increase hematocrit and improve horse performance.
False, iron is adequate in feeds, iron toxicity can decrease performance
121
T/F. Vitamin C supplements increase performance.
False, Only in very high dosages did it recede oxidative stress, very expensive
122
T/F. Vitamin E supplements increase performance.
False, high vitamin E decreases performance
123
T/F. Omega 3 fatty acids improve joint health
False, little to no difference
124
T/F. Flaxseed oil improves joint health.
False
125
T/F. Equine massage therapy increases racing performance.
False, increased mobility but improper research
126
T/F. Blistering can speed healing.
False, rest is the best choice to heal
127
T/F. Stretching increases performance.
False, excessive stretching has negative results on performance
128
T/F. Bee pollen increases performance
False, increased digestion not athleticism
129
T/F. Chiropractor medicine is proven to treat back pain.
Inconclusive, untrained professionals, can aggravate prior symptoms.
130
T/F. Cobalt supplementation increases performance.
False, high dosage can lead to tachycardia
131
T/F. Probiotics improve horse health
False, not many regulations, can be used as a treatment, hurts foals
132
T/F. Training young is detrimental to the tendons
False, Increases resistance to injuries and blood flow to tendons
133
T/F. Tumeric is an effective treatment
False
134
T/F. Endurance horses should have a body condition score of 5
Best times had lower BCS, aim for 4.5-5
135
T/F. Hypobaric chambers improve performance
False, training is more of a factor
136
T/F. Glycogen loading increases performance.
False, works in humans but not in horses
137
T/F. Corticoid injections have no detrimental effects on cartilage.
False, suppress articular regeneration
138
T/F. Furosemide is detrimental to equine skeletal health.
False, calcium is impacted short term
139
T/F. MSM increases joint health.
Inconclusive, improved osteoarthritis in mice.
140
T/F. Acupuncture treats back and leg soreness
True but be cautious
141
T/F. Pin firing treats bowed tendons
False, made tendon protein and collagen synthesis worse, interfered with vascularity and thickness of skin
142
T/F. Hyaluronic acid is beneficial for joint health
May help but not prevent injury, induces inflammatory response
143
T/F. Protein requirement increases dramatically for equine athletes.
False, Horses caloric count increases with exercise so they naturally consume more, raising the percent protein in the diet is unnecessary
144
T/F. Dietary fats can calm horses
Undetermined
145
T/F. Carnitine increases performance
False, poorly absorbed
146
T/F. Silicon is beneficial for bone
More research needed, helps with bone modeling and bone turnover
147
T/F. Thiamin calms horses.
False, high dosage cause arrhythmia
148
T/F. Organic TM > inorganic TM
False, increased hoof growth and hoof height, ni difference in digestibility
149
T/F. Liniments increase soundness
False, bandages cause lesions, helps with pain not soundness
150
T/F. Electrolytes should always be given to exercising horses
False but not negative, large water uptake
151
T/F. Glucosamine improves joint health
False, harmful
152
T/F. Intramuscular adequate helps joint repair
Inconclusive
153
T/F. Omeprazole negatively impacts bone health
False, measured bone density, reduced Ca digestion, decreases gastric ulcers
154
T/F. Pulse electromagnetic field therapy (PEMF) is beneficial in healing equine injuries.
False, no change in lameness
