Final Exam Flashcards
(110 cards)
1
Q
Concept that describes an exception to a social rule that affirms the correctness of an ideology
A
Token
2
Q
According to Harold Innis, what are the key characteristics of Space-Biased Media?
A
Ephemeral and fluid
(will not last very long and fluid in its movement across space)
3
Q
Precludes any time of symbolism or intrinsic meaning
A
Aesthetic
4
Q
Ways of aquiring knowledge that involves direct sensory perception of our environment
A
Somatic
5
Q
What is the name for the historical epoch that began to emerge in the 1960s?
A
Postmodernity
6
Q
Which profit-maximization strategy is grounded in risk avoidance?
A
Logic of Safety
7
Q
The capacity of news to establish which issues are talked about
A
Agenda Setting
8
Q
The ability to control access to the public
A
Gate-keeping
9
Q
Concept that describes the specific arrangement of job roles and positions within an organization based upon authority
A
Specialization
10
Q
Which set of terms characterizes the audience for mass media?
A
Large, distant, and anonymous
11
Q
Concept that describes the degree to which specific organizational practices must conform to accepted norms?
A
Formalization
12
Q
According to Harold Innis, what are the key characteristics of Time-Biased Media?
A
Durable and stable
13
Q
Who invented the moveable-type, mechanical printing in 1450?
A
Johannes Gutenberg
14
Q
Things we learn through mediation (someone or something else)
A
Symbolic knowledge
15
Q
A particular communication technology through which information is communicated; the term means “middle”
A
Medium
16
Q
Communication technologies that have the potential to reach large, distant, and anonymous audiences
A
Mass Media
17
Q
Printed materials facilitated by moveable type that allow for the inexpensive production, reproduction, and circulation of pamphlets, books, and other print
A
Print Media
18
Q
Synchronization of moving images with sound recording for film production and distribution
A
Motion picture/sound recording
19
Q
Media brought directly to audiences through public airwaves (television and radio)
A
Broadcast media
20
Q
Media created and distributed using digital computer technology
A
New media
21
Q
An aesthetic sensibility or “style of culture” which reflects something of an epochal change, in a self-reflexive, playful, derivative, eclectic, pluralistic art
A
Postmodernity
22
Q
The tendency of formerly diverse media to share a common, integrated platform
A
Convergence
23
Q
The ease with which an object can be moved from place to place
A
Mobility
24
Q
A splintering of the consuming public into ever more specialized taste cultures resulting in a proliferation of media content, ownership, and marketing
A
Fragmentation
25
Complex set of social, political, and economic processes in which the physical boundaries and structural policies collapse in favor of instantaneous and flexible worldwide social relations
Globalization
26
An implosion of the image (representations) and the real
Simulation
27
An umbrella term used to describe an array of theorhetical perspectives that are united by their skeptical attitude, humanistic approach, political assessment, and committment to social justice
Critical Media Studies
28
The process by which persons--both individually and collectively--learn, adopt, and internalize the prevailing cultural beliefs, values, and norms of society
Socialization
29
Various perspectives within the field of critical media studies adopt an attitude of skepticism as a way of understanding how the media works
Attitude--skeptical
30
Associated with a particular set of intellectual concerns and approaches to the discovery of knowledge. Emphasizes self-reflection, critical citizenship, democratic principles, and humane education
Approach--Humanistic
30
Critical studies are generally concerned with determining whose interests are served by the media, and how those interests contribute to the domination, exploitation, and/or asymmetrical relations of power
Assessment--Political
31
Identifies political injustices and challenges them. Scholars should "have as their determinate goal the improvement of society"
Ambition--Social Justice
32
A system or network of ordered relationships and coordinated activites directed towards specific goals
Organization
33
A framework that focuses on how media content is shaped by the organization and division of labor within media industries (process and structure)
Organizational Analysis
34
The specific arrangement of job roles and positions based on authority within an organization
Hierarchy
35
The division of companies into units, positions, and departments, each of which performs a task
Differentiation and specialization
36
The degree to which specific practices must conform to accepted organizational and professional conventions
Formalization
37
The norms, customs, artifacts, events, values, and assumptions that emerge as a consequence of organizational members' communicative practices
Organizational Culture
38
An expressive display that carries symbolic significance in a particular contex (Producers of movies are the ones who speak, win, and represent the movie when winning an award)
Performance
39
Personal, collegial, or corporate stories that reflect the values and norms of an organization
Narrative
40
Written or electric documents such as company bylaws policy manuals, procedure handbooks, training manuals
Text
41
Organizational culture is developed and directed by managers for the purpose of improving operating efficiencies, enhancing the bottom line
Management
42
Structures work activities and influence work roles/relationships
Technology
43
A style of news that lacked any sense of social responsibility and priveleged sensational and even fabricated stories and photos that emerged in the late 1800s
Yellow Journalism
44
The places and institutions where news is expected to occur on any given day
Journalistic Beats
45
Corporations that produce and sell stories to others
News Agencies
46
The job or activity of giving your opinion about a subject because you know a lot about it
Punditry
47
A filtering practice that determines what makes it into the media
Gatekeeping
48
Refers to the power of the media to influence what people are concerned with or care about
Agenda-setting
49
Subsidary companies co-develop, produce, and distribute a media brand, "exploiting it for all the profit possible"
Synergy
50
The intentional creation of eventual obsolescence in either a piece of technology or a cultural object for the purpose of encouraging consumers to continue buying new versions of the same thing
Planned Obsolescence
51
Innovation is financially risky and success should be replicated for more success (sequels, remakes, spin-offs)
Logic of Safety
52
High profile figures in the public spotlight that can be/or separate from sensational, scandalous, shocking situations
Celebrity and spectacle
53
Stategic partnership between businesses to share resources, rewards, risks, for a common goal
Joint ventures
54
A form of communication and marketing designed to persuade audiences to feel and/or behave a certain way toward a product, service, or corporate brand
Advertising
55
The exporting of US values and ideologies around the globe, usually to the detriment of local culture and national sovereignty
Cultural Imperialism
56
Tailoring your message or content to an individual customer based on their specific needs, interests, and preferences
Personalization
57
The act of presenting information or a story in a more dramatic or theatrical way, often by exaggerating emotions, adding dramatic elements, or acting out a situation to make it more engaging and impactful for the audience
Dramatization
58
The process where a once unified audience breaks down into smaller, more specialized groups due to the proliferation of media channels and platforms, leading to a diverse range of content consumption habits
Fragmentation
59
A pattern of behavior where someone consistently displays defiance, hostility, and uncooperative attitude towards individuals in positions of authority
Authority-disorder
60
Qualities of an artwork that generate sensual experiences and evoke affective responses from audiences (materiality, not symbolism, sensation, not cognition)
Aesthetic
61
5 Aspects of media aesthetics
1. color
2. lighting
3. editing
4. movement and framing
5. sound
62
Limitization of acceptable ideas, normalization of established power relations, privileging of the perspectives and needs of powerful groups, and interpollation by which individuals are turned into ideological subjects
Functions of Ideology
63
A sacred story that reaffirms and reproduces ideology in relation to an object
Myth
64
Any constructed aspects of a culture that its members do not significantly challenge or critically reflect upon
Doxa
65
The process by which one ideology subverts other competing ideologies and gains cultural dominance through the consent of the governed
Hegemony
66
An umbrella term for a variety of scholarship concerned with culture, ideology, privilege, and oppression
Cultural Studies
67
Cultural Studies Components
1. interdisciplinary
2. pragmatic
3. political
4. reflexive
5. contingent
68
The process by which cultural groups are symbolically annihilated through erasure or under representation in media
Exclusion
69
The act of white actors depicting characters of color, sometimes by direct simulation
Whitewashing
70
The process of constructing misleading and reductionist representations of a group
Stereotyping
71
The process by which media texts represent minority groups in a positive light while simultaneously dehistoricizing them or stripping them of their cultural identities
Assimilation
72
The process of marginalizing racial minorities by defining them in relationship to the white majority, which functions as the norm
Othering
73
Framework that emphasizes audience interpretation as a primary source of meaning in media
Reception Theory
74
Media inject messages and ideologies into audiences who cannot ignore or negotiate their meanings (Assumes one single message)
Hypodermic Needle Model
75
Opinion leaders are influenced by mass media and then disseminate the message to secondary audiences (Assumes a clear, definitive message)
Two-step Flow Model
76
Television/media consumption has widespread effects on our perception of the world
Cultivation Analysis
77
Individuals consciously consume media for their own ends, purposefully reworking textual meanings
Uses and gratifications theory
78
The process of creating a meaningful message according to a particular code
Encoding
79
The process of using a code to decipher a message and formulate meaning
Decoding
80
Qualitative research method that focuses on understanding a cultural phenomenon from the perspective of the members of that culture
Ethnography
81
Audience members' recollection of their reception histories and practices. Both a replacement for/supplement to content activities and a way to learn about reception practices
Memory
82
The character and social conduct of peoples' social interactions are powerfully shaped by the symbolic meaning
Symbolic Interactionism
83
An examination of "the organization of experience"
Frame Analysis
84
Persistent patterns of cognition, interpretation, and presentation of selection, emphasis, and exclusion by which symbol-handlers routinely organize discourse
Media Frames
85
Frames shape our perceptions of events by including some details and excluding others
Selection
86
Not all of the details included in a story are given equal weight
Emphasis
87
The most subtle mechanism at work within news frames, they are presented to an audience through the use of certain linguistic and visual symbols
Presentation
88
Use of symbols by humans not only means something, but also does something (language and images as tools for doing something)
Symbolic Action
89
Appeals to a new hierarchy or third perspective in which two conflicting hierarchies cease to be the opposition
Transcendence
90
Requires a symbolic act of atonement such as confession or self-sacrifice
Mortification
91
Directly related to media studies, as it involves audiences transferring their guilt for having violated hierarchies onto characters that serve as surrogates/scapegoats
Victimage
92
How economic contexts and imperatives impact the production and distribution of media content
Marxist Analysis
93
Use of familiar media symbols and channels to reveal and overturn the ideologies they embody
Culture Jamming
94
An organizational state in which the ownership
and control of an industry, such as mass media, is dominated
by a few companies; AKA an oligopoly
Concentration
95
The corporate practice of accumulating
multiple companies and businesses through startups,
mergers, buyouts, and takeovers
Conglomeration
96
An ownership pattern in which the subsidiary
companies or branches within a corporation are strategically
interrelated
Integration
97
A corporation owns and controls
various aspects of production and distribution within a
single media industry
Vertical integration
98
A corporation dominates one stage
of the production process
Horizontal integration
99
A corporate presence in multiple
countries, which allows for the production and distribution
of media products on a global scale
Multinationalism
100
A theoretical approach that analyzes communication practices and social structures through the lens of economic forces
Historical materialism
101
The ideologies that dominate a particular era, all that "men say, imagine, conceive," including such things as "politics, laws, morality, religion, metaphysics, etc.
Superstructure
102
The economic foundation of society, encompassing the mode of production, including the forces of production (like technology and labor) and relations of production (like employer-employee dynamics)
Base
103
The driving force that encourages individuals and businesses to pursue financial gain and maximize profits
Profit motive
104
Building Blocks of culture
1. physical form (objects)
2. social form (habits)
3. attiudinal form (beliefs)
105
Qualities of Culture
1. collective
2. rhetorical
3. historical
4. ideological
106
Propsed attempts to reform mass media towards an agenda which is more in tune with public needs and away from a perceived bias toward corporate, government or political biases
Media Reform
107
Expanded conceptualization of literacy that includes the ability to access and analyze media messages, as well as create, reflect and take action
Media Literacy
108
Represents the new wave of cross-platform media, delivering highly engaging content creation across several platforms and languages
Third wave media
109
Critical Media Studies refers to theoretical perspectives that share:
1. A skeptical attitude
2. A humanistic approach
3. The use of political assessment
4. A comittment to social justice
