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Final Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

Mary breckinridge

A

founded frontier nursing service in 1925; introduced nurse-midwifery to US and founded frontier nursing service to improve health of children and families in remote areas; devoted life to improving health of children following death of her children; realized care must begin before birth

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2
Q

lemuel shattuck

A

statistician and public health innovator in mid 19th century; created systematic collection of health data and public health infrastructure in US; influential in creation of massachusetts state board of health

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3
Q

clara barton

A

founder of american red cross aid during emergencies; distributed supplies to wounded soldiers during civil war

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4
Q

dorothea dix

A

advocate for mentally ill; worked on creating asylums and creation of first generation mental asylums; lobbied state and federal officials to remedy the situation

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5
Q

lillian wald

A

founder of public health nursing; taught the importance of preventative care; developed columbia school of nursing

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6
Q

public health nursing interventions

A

surveillance, outreach, screening, case-finding, community organizing, policy enforcement

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7
Q

nursing intervention- surveillance

A

collect, analyze, interpret data on regular basis to diagnose problems in the community; monitors health events

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8
Q

nursing intervention- outreach

A

locates populations at risk, provides information, identifies possible actions and identifies access to services

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9
Q

nursing interventions- screening

A

identifies individuals with unrecognized risk factors; active or passive screening such as HIV, harm reduction, cancer screening

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10
Q

nursing interventions- case findings

A

locates individuals and families identified with risk factors and connects them to resources; referral makes connection to necessary resources to prevent or resolve problems or concerns; follow up assesses outcomes related to utilization of resources

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11
Q

nursing intervention- community organizing

A

bring residents, advocates, city officials, and industry to representatives to collab and address issues and develop strategies of action

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12
Q

levels of prevention

A

primary prevention- pre pathogenic; secondary prevention- early pathogenesis; tertiary prevention- pathogenesis, convalescence, and rehab

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13
Q

primary prevention

A

prevent injury or disease before they occur; avoiding the pathogen; maximize health and wellness; no signs of disease or challenges; examples are immunizations, tobacco prevention, STI prevention, using seatbelt

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14
Q

secondary prevention

A

aimed to reduce impact of disease or injury that has already occurred; planned effort to minimize impact of disease and injury once it has occurred; done via detecting and treating disease or injury as soon as possible to halt or slow progress; examples are mammograms, aspirins to prevent further heart attack or strokes

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15
Q

tertiary prevention

A

aim to soften impact of ongoing illness or injury that has lasting effects; management and treatment of clients with chronic conditions; maintain quality of life despite condition may not be improving; examples are support groups for sharing strategies for living well, cardiac or stroke rehabs

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16
Q

SMART goals

A

specific, measurable, attainable, relevant, time-bound

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17
Q

social determinants of health

A

conditions in environments where people are born, live, work, play, worship, and age that affect wide range of health functioning , quality of life, and risks

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18
Q

5 domains of SDOH

A

economic stability, education access and quality, health care access and quality, neighborhood and built environment, social and community context

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19
Q

health disparities

A

differences in healthcare and health outcomes experienced by one population compared to another; can be related to race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status and can vary depending on population or condition

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20
Q

health equity

A

everyone has fair and just opportunity to be as healthy as possible regardless of race, ethnicity, religion, income, geography, gender identity, sexual orientation, or disability

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21
Q

nursing interventions- case managment

A

coordination of plan or process to bring health services and self care capabilities of the client together as a common while in a cost effective way

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22
Q

safe protocol

A

screen, access resources, follow up, elective surgery; modifiable risk factors prior to elective surgery

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23
Q

epidemiological triad

A

host-> agent-> environment

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24
Q

agent

A

can be physical like heat, chemical like pollutants, nutritional deficiencies or excess, psychosocial like stress, or biological like bacteria/protozoa/virus/fungi/mold

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25
host
organisms (usually human or animal) are exposed to and harbor a disease; may or may not get sick
26
environment
favorable surroundings and conditions external to the host that cause or allow the disease to be transmitted )ex. water environment or high heat can favor some agents)
27
modes of disease transmission
direct contact, indirect contact, airborne transmission, droplet transmission
28
portals of entry/exit
how infectious agents enter a host and how they leave; examples are skin, respiratory tract, conjunctiva, vertical transmission from parent to offspring
29
outbreak
the occurrence of disease cases in excess of normal expectancy
30
endemic
constant or usual prevalence of a specific disease or infectious agent within a population or geographic area
31
epidemic
significant increase in the number of new cases of a disease than past experiences would have predicted for that place, time, or population; increase in incidence beyond that which is expected
32
pandemic
a widespread occurrence of an infectious disease over a whole country or the world at a particular time
33
emerging infectious diseases
newly identified, clinically distinct (novel) infectious disease; global threat that affects stability of nations and entire planet; developing nations with fewest resources to respond bear the greatest burden; ex. zika, ebola, COVID
34
antigenic drift
slow and progressive genetic changes that take place in DNA and RNA as organisms replicate in multiple hosts; changes produce new viral stains that are fairly closely related to one another and may be recognized by the immune system
35
antigentic shift
sudden change in the molecular structure of DNA and RNA in microorganisms, resulting in new strain of microorganism, and people have little or no acquired immunity
36
steps in outbreak investigation
establish and verify diagnosis if reported cases- identify agent; search for additional cases- collect critical data and specimens; characterize cases by person place and time; formulate and test tentative hypotheses regarding possible causative factors; implement control measures to control outbreak; evaluate efficacy of control measures; communicate findings- prepare written report
37
cure violence
interrupt transmission directly, identify and change the thinking of potential transmitters (those at high risk of perpetrating crime), changing group norms regarding violence
38
components of violence
must meet four of the seven criteria: gang-involved, major player in a drug or street organization, violent criminal history, recent incarceration, reputation of carrying a gun, recent victim of a shooting, between ages of 16 and 25
39
intimate partner violence
consists of physical violence, sexual violence, or emotional violence; must report if under 18 or over 65?
40
IPV nursing role
recognizing IPV/DVA against women and in providing them practical, emotional and psychological support
41
IPV nursing interventions
42
SBIRT
screening, brief intervention, referral to treatment; evidence based practice used to identify reduce and prevent problematic use/abuse on alcohol and illicit drugs
43
SBIRT screening
healthcare professional assesses patient for risky substance use behaviors using standardized screening tools; may be used as simple way to identify patients who may have substance use problems without need for full diagnostic assessment
44
SBIRT- brief intervention
involves engaging a patient showing risky substance use behaviors in short conversation and providing feedback and advice
45
SBIRT- referral to treatment
provides those identified as needing more extensive treatment with access to specialty care
46
harm reduction
prioritizes minimization of harm over the elimination of substance use itself as complete abstinence may not be realistic or desirable for everyone; examples are needle exchange program, supervised consumption sites, overdose prevention education, access to treatment services
47
substance use
the act of using any legal or illegal substances
48
substance abuse
previously used to describe addiction or risky/dangerous use of one or more substances
49
substances use disorder
treatable mental disorder that affects a persons brain and behavior leading to the inability to control their use of substances
50
addiciton
neuropsychological disorder characterized by persistent and intense urge to use a drug or engage in a behavior
51
CRAFFT assessment
type of SBIRT used for adolescents to screen for drug or alcohol use; car, relax, alone, forget, family/friends, trouble; screening to identify risk of alcohol/drug abuse in
52
exposure pathwasy
5 parts- source, media and transport, point of exposure, route of exposure, receptor population
53
exposure pathway- source
contaminant source or place where the chemical was released
54
exposure pathway- media and transport
how the chemical might move or change in the environment, has the chemical contaminated other plants or animals
55
exposure pathway- point of exposure
where people could come into contact with the chemical; examples are outdoor or indoor air, drinking water, residential yards
56
exposure pathway- route of exposure
how the chemical enters the persons body such as ingesting the chemical or drinking
57
exposure pathway- receptor population
whether there are people in the community that could have been exposed
58
how climate change aff3cts health
heat related illness and death increases, vector-borne diseases may increase due to warmer climates, food security and malnutrition due to impacted rainfall, air quality decreases due to ozone and smog, population displacement such as rising sea level and extreme weather
59
urban social environment effects on PH
large disparities in socioeconomic status, higher rates of crime and violence, presence of marginalized populations with high risk behaviors, higher prevalence of psychological stressors that accompany the increased density and diversity of cities
60
urban physical environment effects on PH
lack of facilities and outdoor areas for recreation and exercise; air quality is often lower leading to chronic diseases like asthma
61
LBGTQ+ and mental health challenges
those with housing instability are 2-4x the odds of depression, anxiety, self-harm, considering suicide, attempting suicide compared to those without instabilities
62
barriers to access healthcare as LGBTQ+
mot accessing mental health care due to cost, could not get to location, parent/caregiver did not allow them to access mental health
63
rural populations effects on PH
poorer health status, less healthy lifestyle habits, exposure to workplace hazards, limited access to healthcare
64
rural populations social environment
rural elders have significantly poorer health status, smoke more, exercise less, nutritional deficient diets, more likely to be obese
65
rural populations physical environment
less likely to report sidewalks streetlights and access to public transportation, insufficiencies in built environment leading to decreased healthy habits like exercise, some workers are more likely to be exposed to hazardous chemicals and work environments
66
rural access to healthcare effects
rural residents have limited access to healthcare, underserved primary care, must travel substantial distance for health care, higher proportion of uninsured residents
67
7As and how they compound disease prevention
availability, accessibility, affordability, awareness, adequacy, acceptability, assessment
68
7 As- availability
insufficient number and diversity of formal services and providers; lack of acceptable services and human service infrastructure
69
7As accessability
shortages of adequate, appropriate, and affordable transportation, cultural and geographic location
70
7As affordability
poverty and inability to pay for services
71
7As awareness
low levels of information discrimination, literacy issues
72
7As adequacy
lack of service standards and evaluation, evidence based practice compromised
73
7As acceptability
reluctance to ask for help
74
7As assessment
lack of basic information on what is needed using research rigor and analyses
75
nurse role in disaster prep
rapid assessment, triage, mass dispensing of preventative and curative therapies, community education,
76

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