Final Exam Flashcards by Gabrielle Fabery

Written by Olympe de Gouges
Demanded gender equality & women’s political rights
Challenged the exclusion of women from citizenship & equality in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
Advocated for legal equality, education, & political representation
Women’s rights remained largely unaddressed during the French Revolution

The Declaration of the Rights of Women

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Enslaved Africans who revolted during the Haitian Revolution
Fought for freedom & the abolition of slavery
Key to the overthrow of colonial rule & Haiti’s independence

Black insurgents

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Haiti’s repayment of debt to France after independence
Payment for reparations to French slaveholders & foreign debt to France
Economic strain of Haiti post-independence
Late 18th to 19th centuries
Debt limited Haiti’s economic freedom & stability

Haiti’s Double Debt

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Society built on enslaved labor
Societal structure dependent on slavery
Central to economies like Saint-Domingue’s

Slave Society

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Established by Toussaint Louverture
Declared equality & abolished slavery
Made Haiti a republic with central authority
Excluded white landowners from political rights

1801 Haitian Constitution

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French colonial administrators overseeing enslaved labor
Managed plantations & enforced colonial economic systems
Represented colonial control & exploitation

Commandeurs

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Leader in the Haitian Revolution
Former enslaved African
Led slave revolts against French colonists
Key figure in the fight for Haitian independence

Jean-François Papillion

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Established labor laws in Haiti after independence
Defined the conditions for work & forced labor systems
Aimed to balance economic needs w/ newly freed Black workers’ rights

Oct 1800: Labor Code

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Was captured by the French in 1802, ending his leadership of the Haitian Revolution
Marked a turning point in the revolution, but his capture did not stop the fight for Haitian Independence
Resulted from French attempts to regain control over the colony amidst political struggles

Arrest of Toussaint

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Key plantation in Haiti linked to Toussaint Louverture’s early leadership
Site of initial slave resistance & strategic revolutionary activity
Represented the fight against slavery & colonial control

Bréda Plantation

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Enslaved leaders guiding others to freedom during revolts
Organized resistance & escape from slavery
Key figures in the Haitian fight for independence

Conducteurs

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Rarely addressed directly; tied to broader debates on morality, human rights, & societal roles
Connected to issues of population control & labor exploitation
Highlighted tensions between individual rights & societal needs

abortion

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Free black leader in Haiti
Advocated for equality & civil rights for free & enslaved African people
Leader of the Ogé Rebellion (1790) in Saint-Domingue
Demanded political equality for free men of color
Captured & executed, symbolizing early resistance in the Haitian Revolution

Vincent Ogé

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Abolished slavery in French colonies
Established equality & civil rights for all
Part of the French Revolution’s commitment to liberty & equality

Law of 16 pluviôse Year II, (February 4, 1794)

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Shaped molds of refined sugar
Commonly exported from Saint-Domingue
Symbol of sugar trade & slavery

Sugar loaves

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Analysis or interpretation of primary sources
Created by someone not directly involved in the event

Secondary Source

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Adopted in 1789 during the French Revolution
Established equality, liberty, & individual rights
Influenced by Enlightenment principles
Defined freedoms & rights for all citizens
Excluded women, slaves, poor, non-citizens, & marginalized groups

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

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Study of women’s roles, experiences, & contributions in history
Examines gender inequality, activism, & social movements

Women’s History

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Commoners & working class of France
Included peasants, artisans, & bourgeoisie
Demanded political reform & equality during the French Revolution
Taxed

Third Estate

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Written works reflecting societal, political, & historical ideas

Literature

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Wealthy white colonists in Haiti
Held political & economic power
Opposed reforms during the French Revolution

Grand Blanc

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Free people of color in Haiti, often descendants of enslaved Africans
Occupied a middle position between enslaved people & white colonists
Key figures in the Haitian Revolution, advocating for equality & rights

ancien libres

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Escape of enslaved people from plantations to seek freedom
Often formed independent communities in remote areas
Key part of resistance during slavery in Haiti

marronage

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Haiti’s freedom from French colonial rule in 1804
Result of the Haitian Revolution led by enslaved Africans
First independent Black republic; abolished slavery
Key leaders: Toussant Louverture, Jean-Jacques Dessalines
Date: January 1, 1804

Haitian Independence

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- Leaving a group of cause for another - Common during the Haitian Revolution as alliances shifted

Defection

- Financial district in New York City - Key center for trade & banking during the Rev. period - Influential in economic policies & funding for wars

Wall Street

- Enslaved & free laborers working on plantations - Key to Haiti's agricultural economy & the colonial system - Central to resistance movements & the Haitian Revolution

Cultivateurs

- A central goal of revolutionary movements in France & Haiti - Challenged slavery's legitimacy, leading to debates on human rights (French Revolution) - Directly tied to the fight for freedom & independence from colonial rule (Haitian Revolution) - Globally inspired calls for freedom & equality in colonies & beyond

Abolition of Slavery

- Governing body in Haiti promoting stability during revolutionary shifts - Aimed to mediate conflicts & enforce unity among factions - Attempted to balance race & class tensions during the Revolution

Council of the Peace and Union

- Deadly disease spreading in the Caribbean - Widespread during the Haitian Revolution - Contributed to disease-related deaths & weakened revolutions

Yellow Fever

- France previously allied w/ Spain during the French Rev. period - Conflict primarily over territorial disputes & French expansion - Added economic & military strain to France's resources

War with Spain

- Local governing body in French colonies - Represented colonial interest & enforced French policies - Played a key role in tensions leading to the Haitian Revolution

Colonial Assembly

- External historical, or social context not directly from the source - Used to support analysis or arguments in historical study Ex: references to events, documents, or perspectives beyond the provided texts

Outside Information

- Leader in Haitian Revolution - Former enslaved African - Declared Haiti's independence in 1804 - First ruler of independent Haiti

Jean-Jacques Dessalines

- Social & cultural roles of men & women - Influence by race, class, & colonialism during the French Revolution - Shaped slavery, labor roles, & social hierarchies in Haiti

Gender

- Rebel uprising in Western France during the French Revolution - Fueled by the royalist, religious, & anti-revolutionary sentiments - Response to levy of troops, secular policies, & economic hardship - Crushed by revolutionary forces w/ significant violence - Symbolized deep regional resistance to the French Revolution

Vendée Uprising

- Systematic study of fundamental questions about existence, knowledge, & values - Influenced Enlightenment thought & the French Revolution ideals - Emphasized reason, liberty, & equality

Philosophy

- Workshops tied to colonial economies, often exploiting slave labor - Haiti's Role: Central to plantation production & resistance movements - Symbol of Colonialism: Highlighted inequality & systemic exploitation

Atteliers

- Governing body during the French Revolution - Directed the war effort & enforced policies to maintain order - Led by Robespierre during the Reign of Terror

Committee of Public Safety

- Study of past events, societies, & cultures

History

- 1795 to 1799 - The government following the French Revolution's Reign of Terror - Consisted of five directors & a bicameral legislation - Characterized by corruption & political instability - Overthrown by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1799 - Marked a more moderate, but weak, political period

The Directory

- French military police in Haiti - Enforced law & order during colonial & revolutionary periods - Monitored enslaved people & maintained colonial control

Maréchaussée

- Abolitionist group advocating equality & freedom for enslaved people - Supported civil rights & equality during the French Revolution - Slow transition to freedom

Friends of Blacks

- The clergy in pre-revolutionary France - Exempt from taxes, held significant power

First Estate

- Established in 1789 by the Third Estate during the French Revolution - Aimed to create a constitution & represent common people - Key political body in early stages of the Revolution

National Assembly

- Original document or evidence from the time period studied - Provides first-hand insights into historical events Ex: speeches, letters, declarations, treaties

Primary Source

- French General during the Haitian Revolution - Led French forces to suppress the revolution in 1802 - His efforts failed, leading to Haitian independence

Charles Leclerc

- French philosopher & writer, criticized colonialism & slavery - Inspired revolutionary thought on human rights & liberty, impacting Haitian & French revolutionary ideologies - Works highlighted the abuses of the colonial system Doc 6: From the Philosophical & Political History of the Settlements & Trade of the Europeans in the East & West Indies

Abbé Raynal

- 1791 destruction of the colonial city during the Haitian Revolution - Sparked by enslaved people's uprisings against slavery & colonial oppression - Marked a turning point in the revolution, demonstrating the scale of resistance

Burning of Cap Français

- Key leader in the Haitian Revolution - Advocate for freedom & resistance against colonial rule

Étienne Polvolrel

H - Historical context I - Intended audience P - Point of view P - Purpose O - Outside information

HIPPO Acronym

- Assembly of representatives from the three estates (clergy, nobility, & commoners) in France - Led to the French Revolution

Estates General

- Fertile land for sugar production - Key to the economy of Saint-Domingue - Worked by enslaved laborers

Sugar Plains

- A military force made up of Polish exiles - Fought in support of revolutionary causes - Allied w/ France during the French Revolution

Polish Legion

- The group of people a document, speech, or work is designed to reach - Influences tone, language, & purpose Ex: citizens, political leaders, enslaved people, & revolutionaries

Intended Audience

- Creative expression reflecting culture, beliefs, and history. - Used to symbolize liberty and revolutionary ideals (e.g., Phrygian cap imagery). - Depicted heroic figures and anti-slavery themes. - Influenced by Enlightenment ideals and political upheaval. - Reflected tensions between European colonial power and emerging independence movements.

Art

- Enslaved individuals who purchased freedom or were freed - Advocated for equality during the French Revolution - Between enslaved people & white colonists - Artisans, merchants, tradesmen, some owned small plots of land or worked on plantations, skilled services

Free People of Color

- Term for newly freed African-descendant individuals in Haiti - Emerged during Haitian Revolution & abolitionist movements - Fought for equality & political rights amid colonial conflict

nouveaux libres

- The reason or goal behind a document, action, or decision - Drives political, social, & revolutionary movements

Purpose

- Site of a Vodou Ceremony in 1791 that sparked the Haitian Revolution - Unified enslaved people in their fight against slavery & colonial rule - Represented resistance, spirituality, & the call for liberation

Boïs Caimen

- Policy during the French Revolution - Ordered merciless war against enemies to secure revolutionary ideals - Aimed at crushing opposition through total mobilization & destruction

"war to the death"

- Multinational financial institution - Modern

Citi Bank

- French civil commissioner in Haiti during the Revolution - Abolish slavery in 1793 - Advocated for equal rights for enslaved people

Léger-Félicité Sonthonax

- Study of how history is written & interpreted - Various perspectives

Historiography

- Region in Haiti known for coffee production - Central to Haiti's colonial economy & slavery system - Represented the exploitation of enslaved labor under colonial rule

Coffee Mountains

- The perspective, beliefs, & biases of the author - Influences interpretation & presentation of historical events

Point of View of Author

- Medicinal baths using sulfur vapor - Treated illnesses, particularly enslaved workers' health conditions - Part of colonial medical practices in Haiti - Aimed at combatting diseases & improving labor productivity

Fumigational-sulphurous baths

- Seasonal period w/ heavy rainfall - Affected agriculture & living conditions in Haiti

Rainy Season

- French colonial law regulating slavery in the colonies - Defined rights of enslaved people & duties of slave owners - Enforced racial hierarchy & slavery in Haiti

Code Noir

- Free man of color & political activist - Advocated for equality & civil rights for free people of color in France - Supported the abolition of slavery - Key figure in revolutionary political struggles

Julien Raimond

- French general during the Haitian Revolution - Led French military forces in Haiti - Key figure in maintaining French control during conflicts

General Donatien de Rochambeau

- U.S. acquisition of French territory in 1803 - Doubled the size of the United States - Result of France's financial struggles following Haitian Revolution

Louisiana Purchase

- Enslaved dogs sent by the British to suppress slave revolts in Haiti - Used to hunt & attack enslaved people during uprisings - Part of British efforts to maintain control over Haitian colonies during the Revolution

Attack dogs from Jamaica

- Leader of the free people of color during the Haitian Revolution - Opposed Toussaint Louverture, leading a rival faction in the fight for control of Haiti - Symbolized the struggle for power between different racial & political groups in the revolution

André Rigaud

- White colonists in Haiti - Lower social status than Grand Blancs - Often poor or landless

Pétit Blanc

- French colonial interests & military campaigns - Key in maintaining French influence in the Americas (Naval Power) - Engaged in naval battles to control Haiti - Faced financial strain & battles w/ British & Spanish navies

French Navy

- French colony in the Caribbean - Center of sugar production - Site of the Haitian Revolution - Modern-day Haiti

Saint-Domingue

- Symbol of liberty & freedom during the French Revolution - Red hat worn by revolutionaries

Phrygian Cap

- Key stronghold during the Haitian Revolution - Symbolized resistance against French colonial forces - Sire of major battles in Haiti's fight for independence

Crête-à-Pierrot fortress

- Capital city of Haiti - Key center during the Haitian Revolution - Strategic location for political & economic activity

Port-au-Prince

- Set of rigid ethical principles - Influenced societal & political actions - Shaped behavior during the French Revolution

Strict moral code

- The social, political, & economic environment of a historical period

Historical Context

- Study of gender roles, identities, & relations - Examines race, class, & colonialism during the Haitian Revolution - Explores women's roles in slavery & revolution

Gender Studies

- A political shift during the French Revolution - Ended the Reign of Terror & the dominance of the Jacobins - Marked by the arrest & execution of Robespierre - Led to more moderate policies & reduced revolutionary violence - Shifted power away from radical groups

Thermidorian Reaction

- Major port city in Saint-Domingue (modern-day Haiti) - Key center for trade, rebellion, & colonial administration - Strategic location during the Haitian Revolution

Le Cap

- Final battle of the Haitian Revolution in 1803 - Haitian victory secured independence from France - Marked the end of slavery & colonial rule in Haiti

Battle of Vertières

- Nobility of France under the Old Regime - Exempt from taxes - Privileged social class

Second Estate

- Period during the French Revolution (1793-1794) - Led by Robespierre & the Committee of Public Safety - Mass executions of perceived enemies to protect the revolution

Reign of Terror

- Fought during the French Rev. period - France allied w/ American colonists against Britain - Aimed to weaken British influence & expand French power - Contributed to financial strain & instability in France

War with Britain

- Leader of unsalved revolts in Haiti - Led resistance against French colonial rule - Key figure in early Haitian Revolution

Georges Biassou

- Leader of Girondins during the French Revolution - Advocated for liberty & equality - Supported war against Austria in 1792 - Key figure in revolutionary political debates

Jacques-Pierre Brissot

Final Exam Flashcards

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