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Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two decision making components?

A

individual and group

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2
Q

what is individual decision making?

A

focus on the criteria that affect individual decision makers

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3
Q

what is group decision making?

A

focus on the processes by which majority support is gained

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4
Q

Sunken Costs

A

resource costs involved in the organizational decision process that is irrecoverable

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5
Q

satisfice

A

to reach a decision that is satisfactory, yielding benefits that suffice to meet situational needs of the decision maker

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6
Q

Bound Rationality

A

the notion that there are prescribed boundaries, controls, or upper and lower limits on the decision making abilities of individuals

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7
Q

pluralist theory

A

a theory of gov’t that asserts that multiple, open, competing groups possess power and rule society

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8
Q

elite theory

A

a theory of gov’t that assets that a small group possesses power and rules society

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9
Q

laissez faire pluralism

A

responsive to variety of divergent policy interests

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10
Q

corporate pluralism

A

certain groups acquire controlling power within individual policy areas

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11
Q

public pluralism

A

reform oriented model of decision making, regulating of interests

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12
Q

Decision analysis

A

the use of formal mathematical statistical tools and techniques, especially computers and sophisticated computer models and simulations, to improve decision making

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13
Q

organizational leadership functions

A

planning, organizing, direction, coordinating, controlling, implementing

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14
Q

what was the leadership prior to Magna Carta, classical liberal philosophy, and democracy?

A

monarchies

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15
Q

what are the 3 types of skills in skills theory

A

technical, human, and conceptual

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16
Q

task oriented leaders

A

thought to be more authoritative

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17
Q

relationship oriented leaders

A

make a nice place to work, company goals may not be so stringent

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18
Q

what are the 4 types of leadership behaviors?

A

directive, supportive, achievement, participative

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19
Q

what is directive leadership?

A

clearly informed subordinates

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20
Q

what is supportive leadership?

A

being friendly and approachable

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21
Q

what is achievement oriented leadership?

A

challenging people to do their best

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22
Q

what is a participative leadership?

A

subordinates included in decision making

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23
Q

what are outlays

A

agency expenditures during a given fiscal period, fulfilling outstanding budget obligations incurred

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24
Q

what are budget deficit?

A

the difference between the amount of revenue raised the amount of federal gov’t spending in a fiscal year

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25
what is national debt
the cumulative sum of borrowing necessary over time to pay the difference between gov't revenues and expenditures
26
what did the budget and accounting act of 1921 do?
established the modern federal budget, and the bureau of the budget (BOB)
27
what is the performance management?
results driven decision making that attempts to link goal achievement with budgetary allocations
28
what is benchmarking?
quality and productivity approach that examines (other) organizations that are best at certain processes, then adopts those processes and often standardizing them
29
what are inputs?
resources appropriated to a gov't organization, service, or program
30
what are outputs?
typically report quantitative data (shorter term results)
31
what are the outcomes?
typically report qualitative data (longer term results)
32
what are efficiency indicators?
reflect the quantity of resources appropriated to a gov't organization, service, or program
33
what are pilot programs?
common ways to evaluate before full adoption
34
what did the Clinton era?
reinventing government 1. customer driven 2. competition 3. market based solutions 4. improved efficiency
35
what happened in the bush 43 era
presidents management agenda
36
what happened in the Obama era
strategy for American innovation
37
what happened in the trump era
the public service
38
what is the new public service
style of government service based on democratic theory and the idea that how to serve the public interest is a value based, debatable notion
39
citizen centric
decision making designed around meeting citizens needs
40
customer service standards
standards of service emphasizing that the quality of gov't services should meet or exceed the best services in the private market
41
customer service standards
standards of service emphasizing the the quality of gov't services should meet or exceed the best services in the private market
42
policy analysis
as assessment of a potential governmental decision or decisions done by actors in gov't or actors affiliated with gov't
43
cost benefit analysis
formal quantitative evaluation technique translating tangible costs and benefits into monetary values in order to compare alternatives
44
case studies
politicians usually select stories that fit their narrative -these are qualitative analyses
45
existential evaluation
to see if the program is worth sustaining
46
systemic evaluation
measures societal effects and degree of program success - one of the most reliable factually to determine cause/effect
47
needs assessment
to determine if and to what extent, a social condition or problem exists
48
program efficiency assessment
centers on whether the money and resources put toward a program are well spent
49
assessment of program process
center on the extent to which a program's services are reaching its targets, generally over a given time period, using benchmarks
50
what are the types of policy evaluation
1. case studies 2. existential evaluation 3. systematic evaluation 4. needs assessment 5. program efficiency assessment 6. assessment of program process 7. program impact assessment 8. Experimental Design (traditional method) 9. Quasi experimental
51
before and after study
target outcomes are measured at two points in time: before and after a program's delivery of services
52
questionnaire design
the physical layout and packaging of the questionnaire
53
big data
structured or unstructured data in very high volume
54
open data
data made publicly available for research, information, and transparency
55
geospatial information systems
visual and graphic interfaces that combine from a database and organize various forms of data that overlay information onto a map
56
government regulations
gov't activity designed to monitor and guide private economic competition, often by limiting producer pries and practices as well as promoting commerce through grants and subsidies
57
administrative law
the legal authority, created by both legislation and judicial decisions, of public administrative entities to perform their duties, and to the limits necessary to control those agencies
58
substantive
apply to, or direct, law or policy
59
procedural
requirements for an agency's organization, procedures, or practices
60
interpretive
an agency's views of the meaning of its regulations or of the statutes it administers
61
what are the key features we get from the apa
1. rule making 2. foia 3. licensing 4. procedural due process 5. agency hearings 6. right of review
62
what is procedural due process
legal rules governing a specific case
63
what is administrative law judge
members of the executive branch who preform quasi judicial function
64
what section is the right of review in?
section 702
65
what are the 3 steps to the national budgetary process
preparation, authorization, execution
66
budget preparation
annual budget presented to congress by POTUS
67
what is the debt ceiling
the statutory limit on the federal debt
68
what is the continuing resolution
type of appropriation used to congress to fund agencies when a formal appropriation bill has not passed
69
what is appropriations
executions
70
apportionment
distribution of appropriations and other budgetary resources
71
what is the exception principle?
an administrative assumption that chief executive do not have to be involved in administrative activities unless an exception to routine activity emerges
72
sequestration
withholding of budget authority, according to an established formula, up to the dollar amount that must be cut in order to meet the deficit reduction target
73
reconciliation
congressional process of adjusting existing laws to achieve conformity with annual spending targets adopted in each year's concurrent resolution
74

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