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final exam Flashcards

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1
Q

Separation of the sister chromatids is a characteristic of which stage of mitosis?

prometaphase

metaphase

anaphase

telophase

A

anaphase

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2
Q

What is a disadvantage of sexual reproduction over asexual forms of reproduction?

Half the population is capable of carrying offspring.

Identical offspring are not produced.

Adaptation to rapidly changing environments is more difficult.

Mutation rates are slower.

A

Half the population is capable of carrying offspring.

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3
Q

At which of the cell-cycle checkpoints do external forces have the greatest influence?

G1 checkpoint

G2 checkpoint

M checkpoint

G0 checkpoint

A

G1 checkpoint

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4
Q

FtsZ proteins direct the formation of a ________ that will eventually form the new cell walls of the daughter cells.

contractile ring

cell plate

cytoskeleton

septum

A

septum

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5
Q

Unpacking of chromosomes and the formation of a new nuclear envelope is a characteristic of which stage of mitosis?

prometaphase

metaphase

anaphase

telophase

A

telophase

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6
Q

What is the initial mechanism for repairing nucleotide errors in DNA?

DNA polymerase proofreading

mismatch repair

nucleotide excision repair

thymine dimers

A

DNA polymerase proofreading

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7
Q

During which phase of meiosis does the second round of genetic variation occur?

anaphase I

metaphase I

prophase II

Genetic variation only occurs during prophase I.

A

prophase II

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8
Q

What is a source of genetic variation in asexual reproduction?

crossing over of chromosomes

mutation of DNA

random assortment of chromosomes

There is no variation in asexual reproduction.

A

random assortment of chromosomes

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9
Q

What type of nucleic acid material is analyzed the most frequently in forensics cases?

cytoplasmic rRNA

mitochondrial DNA

nuclear chromosomal DNA

nuclear mRNA

A

nuclear chromosomal DNA

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10
Q

Which enzyme initiates the splitting of the double DNA strand during replication?

DNA gyrase

helicase

ligase

telomerase

A

helicase

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11
Q

During proofreading, which of the following enzymes reads the DNA?

DNA polymerase

helicase

topoisomerase

primase

A

DNA polymerase

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12
Q

Uracil is found where?

chromosomal DNA

helicase

mitochondrial DNA

mRNA

A

mRNA

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13
Q

The ends of the linear chromosomes are maintained by what?

DNA polymerase

helicase

primase

telomerase

A

telomerase

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14
Q

What structure is most important in forming the tetrads?

centromere

chiasmata

kinetochore

synaptonemal complex

A

synaptonemal complex

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15
Q

An organism’s traits are determined by the specific combination of inherited:
- cells
- genes
- proteins
- chromatids

A

genes

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16
Q

Which enzyme is most directly responsible for the main process of producing a new DNA strand?

DNA polymerase I

DNA polymerase II

DNA polymerase III

DNA polymerase I, DNA polymerase II, and DNA polymerase III

A

DNA polymerase III

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17
Q

The fusing of Golgi vesicles at the metaphase plate of dividing plant cells forms what structure?

cell plate

actin ring

cleavage furrow

mitotic spindle

A

cell plate

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18
Q

If the M checkpoint is not cleared, what stage of mitosis will be blocked?

prophase

prometaphase

metaphase

anaphase

A

anaphase

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19
Q

Which of the following is not involved during the formation of the replication fork?

helicase

ligase

origin of replication

single-strand binding proteins

A

ligase

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20
Q

The first level of DNA organization in a eukaryotic cell is maintained by which molecule?

cohesin

condensin

chromatin

histone

A

histone

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21
Q

What is the main prerequisite for clearance at the G2 checkpoint?

cell has reached a sufficient size

an adequate stockpile of nucleotides

accurate and complete DNA replication

proper attachment of mitotic spindle fibers to kinetochores

A

accurate and complete DNA replication

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22
Q

Which molecule is a Cdk inhibitor that is controlled by p53?

cyclin

anti-kinase

Rb

p21

A

p21

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23
Q

Nucleotide excision repair is often employed when UV exposure causes the formation of what?

phosphodiester bonds

purine conjugates

pyrimidine dimers

tetrad disassembly

A

pyrimidine dimers

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24
Q

Which of the following events does not occur during some stages of interphase?

DNA duplication

organelle duplication

increase in cell size

separation of sister chromatids

A

separation of sister chromatids

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25
Identical copies of chromatin held together by cohesin at the centromere are called _____. histones. nucleosomes. chromatin. sister chromatids.
sister chromatids
26
If DNA of a particular species was analyzed and it was found that it contains 27% A, what would be the percentage of C? 23% 27% 30% 54%
23%
27
Many of the negative regulator proteins of the cell cycle were discovered in what type of cells? gametes cells in G0 cancer cells stem cells
cancer cells
28
At metaphase I, homologous chromosomes are connected only at what structures? chiasmata kinetochores microtubules recombination nodules
chiasmata
29
Provide a name for a haploid cell produced by meiosis in a diploid-dominant organism. gamete gametophyte spore sporophyte
gamete
30
What happens when a dideoxynucleotide is added to a developing DNA strand? The chain extends to the end of the DNA strand. The DNA strand is duplicated. The chain is not extended any further. The last codon is repeated.
The chain is not extended any further.
31
Meselson and Stahl’s experiments proved that DNA replicates by which model? conservative converse dispersive semi-conservative
semi-conservative
32
If the sequence of the 5’ to 3’ strand is AATGCTAC, then the complementary sequence has the following sequence: 3’-AATGCTAC-5’ 3’-CATCGTAA-5’ 3’-TTACGATG-5’ 3’-GTAGCATT-5’
3’-TTACGATG-5’
33
Separation of the sister chromatids is a characteristic of which stage of mitosis? prometaphase metaphase anaphase telophase
anaphase
34
The DNA double helix does not have which of the following? antiparallel configuration complementary base pairing major and minor grooves uracil
uracil
35
Chromosomes are duplicated during what portion of the cell cycle? G1 phase S phase prophase prometaphase
S phase
36
Which eukaryotic cell-cycle event is missing in binary fission? cell growth DNA duplication mitosis cytokinesis
mitosis
37
Which eukaryotic cell-cycle event is missing in binary fission? cell growth DNA duplication karyokinesis cytokinesis
karyokinesis
38
The individual chromosomes become visible with a light microscope during which stage of mitosis? prophase prometaphase metaphase anaphase
prophase
39
Which type of point mutation would result in the substitution of a stop codon for an amino acid? frameshift missense nonsense silent
nonsense
40
Which protein is a positive regulator that phosphorylates other proteins when activated? p53 retinoblastoma protein (Rb) cyclin cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk)
cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk)
41
In eukaryotes, what is DNA wrapped around? histones polymerase single-stranded binding proteins sliding clamp
histones
42
Due to a mutation, the nucleotide sequence ATC-CAG-AGA becomes ATT-CAG-AGA on a gene. (Protein table is on next page) and mRNA is (AUU-CAG-AGA) after mutation. What type of mutation would this be? Silent mutation. Missense mutation. Nonesense mutation. Frameshift mutation.
Silent mutation.
43
What part of meiosis is most similar to mitosis? reduction division interkinesis meiosis I meiosis II
meiosis II
44
Which enzyme is only found in prokaryotic organisms? DNA gyrase helicase ligase telomerase
DNA gyrase
45
Which type of point mutation would have no effect on gene expression? frameshift missense nonsense silent
silent
46
What is necessary for a cell to pass the G2 checkpoint? cell has reached a sufficient size an adequate stockpile of nucleotides accurate and complete DNA replication proper attachment of mitotic spindle fibers to kinetochores
accurate and complete DNA replication
47
A mutated gene that codes for an altered version of Cdk that is active in the absence of cyclin is a(n) _____. kinase inhibitor. tumor suppressor gene. proto-oncogene. oncogene.
oncogene
48
Which of the following does the enzyme primase synthesize? DNA primer Okazaki fragments phosphodiester linkage RNA primer
RNA primer
49
What is the name of the method developed by Fred Sanger to sequence DNA? dideoxy chain termination method double helix determination polymerase chain reaction polymer gel electrophoresis
dideoxy chain termination method
50
Which of the following statements is not true in relation to crossing over? Chiasmata are formed. Non-sister chromatids exchange genetic material. Recombination nodules mediate cross over events. Spindle microtubules guide the movement of chromosomal material.
Spindle microtubules guide the movement of chromosomal material.
51
Chromosomes are duplicated during what stage of the cell cycle? G1 phase S phase prophase prometaphase
S phase
52
What is a purine? a double ring structure with a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring a single six-membered ring a six-membered ring three phosphates covalently bonded by phosphodiester bonds
a double ring structure with a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring
53
In which direction does DNA replication take place? 5’ to 3’ 3’ to 5’ 5’ 3’
5’ to 3’
54
At which stage of meiosis are sister chromatids separated from each other? anaphase I anaphase II prophase I prophase II
anaphase I
55
________ are changes to the nucleotides in a segment of DNA that codes for a protein. Proto-oncogenes Tumor suppressor genes Gene mutations Negative regulators
Gene mutations
56
A gene that codes for a positive cell cycle regulator is called a(n) ________. kinase inhibitor tumor suppressor gene proto-oncogene oncogene
proto-oncogene
57
Which portion of a chromosome contains Okazaki fragments? helicase lagging strand leading strand primer
lagging strand
58
You have developed a mutation that leads to skin cancer and you are pregnant. You are worried that your child will be born with the cancer mutation you have while carrying the baby. Should you be worried? Yes, the cancer can spread to the baby. No, the mutations causing the cancer are in somatic cells, not reproductive germ cells. Yes, the mutations can be passed on to the child through the placenta. No, UV light only affects adult, somatic cells.
No, UV light only affects adult, somatic cells.
59
How many and what type of daughter cells does meiosis produce? four haploid four diploid two haploid two diploid
four haploid
60
Attachment of the mitotic spindle fibers to the kinetochores is a characteristic of which stage of mitosis? prophase prometaphase metaphase anaphase
prometaphase
61
The mitotic spindles arise from which cell structure? centromere centrosome kinetochore cleavage furrow
centrosome
62
A gene that codes for a positive cell-cycle regulator is called a(n) _____. kinase inhibitor. tumor suppressor gene. proto-oncogene. oncogene.
proto-oncogene
63
Which negative regulatory molecule can trigger cell suicide (apoptosis) if vital cell cycle events do not occur? p53 p21 retinoblastoma protein (Rb) cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk)
p53

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