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ENVI 7060 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

(80 cards)

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1
Q

What is life cycle thinking?

A

recognizing how consuming products and engaging in activities have an impact on the environment from a holistic perspective

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2
Q

List life cycle stages for a manufactured product:

A

1) Material extraction
2) Material processing
3) Material manufacturing
4) Product life
5) End of life

can be reused, remanufactured, and recycled

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3
Q

List life cycle stages for an engineered infrastructure:

A

1) Site processing
2) Infrastructure manufacturing
3) Materials and product delivery
4) Infrastructure use
5) End of life

can be reused, remanufactured, and recycled

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4
Q

What’s the benefit of life cycle thinking?

A

to minimize shifting impact from one life cycle stage to another by considering the entire system

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5
Q

What is the difference between remanufacturing and recycling?

A

remanuf.: taking out the reusable parts and making a new product

recycling: putting in energy to make into new product

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6
Q

List some life cycle assessment components:

A

1) energy use
2) carbon emission
3) water use
4) eutrophication potential
5) solid waste production
6) toxicity impacts

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7
Q

What is the difference between renewable and sustainable?

A

renewable: regrown/reproduced over a period of time

sustainable: able to maintain at certain rate

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8
Q

What are the four components of environmental LCA?

A

1) Goal and scope definition
2) Inventory Analysis
3) Impact Assessment
4) Interpretation

(review diagram)

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9
Q

Define materials flow analysis:

A

material flow into a system, flows within system and from the system

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10
Q

List outputs for following materials with a flow system: energy, water, food, construction materials

A

emissions, sewage, solid waste, construction wastes

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11
Q

What percentage of MSW is combusted?

A

15%

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12
Q

What’s waste to energy combustion/energy recovery?

A

refers to any waste treatment that creates energy in the form of electricity or heat from a waste source

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13
Q

What is the benefit of energy recovery/WTE?

A

eliminates waste that would typically go to greenhouse gas emitting landfills

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14
Q

What does energy content of MSW depend on?

A

1) what is in the waste
2) moisture content

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15
Q

What is the different between higher heat value and lower heat value?

A

Higher heat value: complete combustion, measures temp. rise in water, includes energy that vapourize moisture

Lower heat value: recoverable energy from combustion

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16
Q

What are sources of vapour from MSW?

A

1) moisture from wastes
2) hydrogen in dry wastes reacts with oxygen to form water

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17
Q

What are some WTE incineration envi. impacts?

A

1) emissions:
- chlorinated compounds (furans) which are highly toxic
- heavy metals (lead/mercury) which affect central nervous system, organs

2) Collected ash: contains toxic materials, cannot be disposed in municipal landfill, particulate size matters

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18
Q

What are advantages of WTE incineration?

A

1) less land requirement
2) volume reduction
3) immediate destruction
4) energy recovery
5) destruction of hazardous materials

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19
Q

What are disadvantages of WTE incineration?

A

1) public perception
2) collected ashes may contain hazardous materials
3) potential of toxic substance release

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20
Q

What is a landfill cell?

A

it’s each day’s wastes received and compacted into cells

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21
Q

What is a landfill lift?

A

it is an active area that consists of multiple cells

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22
Q

What is a landfill daily cover?

A

cover of cells with a thin layer of soil

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23
Q

What does landfill sizing depend on?

A

1) rate of disposal
2) density of wastes when compacted

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24
Q

What are the four processes of decomposition?

A

1) organic matter is stabilized (depends on temp., oxygen, and moisture content)
2) leachate production
3) landfill gas generation
4) settlement

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25
What are the phases of LFG during decomposition?
1) Aerobic (O2 present) 2) Acid (O2 gone) 3) Methanogenesis unsteady 4) methanogenesis steady
26
Define Leachate:
water flowing through waste, contains dissolved contaminants from buried solid waste
27
How is leachate controlled?
- liners - monitoring wells - pumping - piping - capping of lanfills
28
What are the 3 goals when collecting LG?
1) odour reduction 2) reduce lanfill gas emissions 3) energy recovery
29
How does collecting and burning LFG reduce greenhouse gas emissions?
methane i converted to CO2, methane=25CO2 in greenhouse gas effect
30
What are some mechanisms that cause large settlements?
- Mechanical compression - Biodegradation - Physical creep compression (erosion)
31
What are some mechanisms that cause small settlements?
- Physical-Chemical compression - Consolidation - Interaction
32
What are some accepted construction demolition materials?
wood, soft materials (plastics, insulation), yard trimmings, roofing materials
33
What are some construction demolition materials that are not accepted?
treated wood, containers for liquids, household garbage, recyclable materials, hazardous waste
34
Define air pollution:
substances introduced to the atmosphere that have damaging effects on living things and the environment
35
What are some typical air pollution sources?
- Vehicle Emissions - Industrial Emissions (wood-fired combustion) - Smoke & Burning (biomass burning) - Businesses and Industrial contributions (small businesses, concrete production, upstream oil and gas, wood industry)
36
what ratio of death does air pollution cause?
1 in 9 deaths
37
List some ways pollution affects human health:
- premature deaths - decreased lung function - respiratory infections
38
What is air pollution impacted by?
1) emissions: type, location of occurrence 2) meteorology: climate
39
What impact do air pollution emissions have on urban areas?
- health risk - reduced visibility - property damage
40
What impact do air pollution emissions have on regional areas?
- reduced visibility - forest decline - fish death
41
What impact do air pollution emissions have on global areas?
- skin cancer - severe weather - species extinction
42
List some air pollution types:
1) Industrial smog 2) sulphureous smog 3) photochemical smog 4) criteria pollutants
43
What's the difference between primary pollutants an d secondary pollutants?
primary: pollutants that get emitted directly into the atmosphere secondary: pollutants that are already in the atmosphere and react with sunlight
44
List some primary pollutants:
- combustion -evaporation - grinding and abrasion
44
List some secondary pollutants:
photochemical smog
45
What causes incomplete combustion in hydrocarbons?
1) combustion temp. not high enough 2) fuel type 3) O2 supply limited 4) not enough time for burning completely
46
What happens if we have incomplete combustion?
impurities get released and form side products such as: sulphur oxide, nitrogen oxide, carbon oxide
47
What forms photochemical smog?
VOC + NOx + sunlight
48
Photochemical smog + heat=
ground level ozone
49
Define ground-level ozone/troposhperic:
ozone formed near ground surface (bad)
50
Define stratospheric ozone:
good ozone formed near upper atmosphere (90%)
51
What are the criteria pollutants?
1) sulphur oxides 2) nitrogen oxides 3) particulate matter 4) ground-level ozone 5) carbon monoxide 6) ammonia 7) VOCs
52
What are sources for carbon monoxide?
1) burning fuel 2) second-hand smoking
53
What are carbon monoxides health affects?
-asphyxiant (not toxic but limits oxygen available around) -reduces body's ability to carry oxygen in blood (without even noticing)
54
What is the machine used to separate non-ferrous metals from waste?
eddy current separator
55
What machine was used to increase recovery of ferrous metals?
magnetic separator
56
What are nitrogen oxide sources?
- thermal (temp. greater than 1200 C) - fuel emissions (mostly transportation and mobile equipment)
57
Where do 90% sulphur oxide emissions come from?
fossil fuel combustion (power plants)
58
What are problems caused by sulphur oxide?
- acid rain (damage to building, trees, water...) - respiratory impact
59
Where do SOx major sources come from?
oil and gas industry
60
What are two sources of VOCs?
- vapours from fuels and solvents - transportation sector (and oil & gas industry)
61
Why are VOCs bad?
lead to formation of photochemical smog (VOCs + NOx + sunlight)
62
Where does Ozone come from?
burning fossil fuels
63
What are the impacts of ozone?
health: coughing, shortness of breath agriculture: reduction in crop yield
64
What are PM?
a mixture of solid particles and liquid droplets in air
65
Describe PM10 & PM2.5:
PM10: can pass through throat and nose and go into the lungs PM2.5: can pass way into the lungs PM>10: stopped by upper respiratory system
66
What are the health impacts of PM?
lung cancer, other lung disease, heart disease
67
What is the major source of PM?
residential firewood burning
68
List the different environmental regulations:
1) Air Quality Management 2) Federal Level 3) Provincial Level 4) Regional and Municipal Levels
69
What do these stand for? CEPA EMA CAAQS
CEPA: Canadian Environmental Protection Act EMA: Environmental Management Act CAAQS: Canadian Ambient Air Quality Standards
70
What are the 3 irrelated elements that CAAQS consist of?
1) averaging time period 2) numerical value 3) statistical form of the numerical standard
71
List the 4 Metrovan Air Quality Services
1) improve air quality 2) reduce greenhouse gas emissions 3) monitoring of outdoor air quality 4) tracking of emissions
72
Define an adiabatic process:
no heat being transferred into or out of the system (air parcel), change in internal energy only done by work
73
Define air parcel:
body of air that acts as whole and has a constant number of molecules (temp. is uniform)
74
Define Lapse rate:
describe (air parcel) lapse in temperature with altitude positive: temperature decreases with height negative (temp. inversion): temp. increases with height
75
What is the environmental lapse rate:
actual temp. of atmosphere as a function of altitude
76
What are two types of monitoring?
1) Emissions monitoring 2) ambient monitoring
77
List 3 types of emissions monitoring:
1) continuous emissions monitoring system 2) predictive emissions monitoring systems 3) periodic stack testing
78
List 2 types of ambient monitoring:
1) Fenceline monitoring 2) Community monitoring
79

ENVI 7060 (12 decks)

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