final exam

Question 1

Functionalism

Answer 1

A sociological theory that views society as a complex system with interdependent parts that work together to promote stability and social order.
- Example: Functionalists might see inequality as serving a purpose in motivating people to work harder or fill different societal roles.

Question 2

Conflict Theory

Answer 2

A theory that focuses on the struggles between different social classes, emphasizing power dynamics and inequality.
- Example: Conflict theorists view stratification as a result of power struggles and exploitation by dominant groups.

Question 3

Stratification

Answer 3

The hierarchical arrangement of individuals in society based on factors like wealth, income, and social status

Question 4

Inequality

Answer 4

Unequal distribution of resources and opportunities among individuals or groups in society

Question 5

Class

Answer 5

A group of people sharing similar economic and social positions.
- Example: Lower class, middle class, and upper class

Question 6

Bourgeoisie

Answer 6

The capitalist class who own the means of production

Question 7

Proletariat

Answer 7

The working class who sell their labor for wages

Question 8

Status

Answer 8

Social prestige or honor attached to a person’s position in society

Question 9

Symbolic Capital

Answer 9

Resources like prestige, recognition, or honor that can be used to gain advantages

Question 10

Social Capital

Answer 10

The networks and relationships that provide individuals with social support and opportunities

Question 11

Cultural Capital

Answer 11

Non-financial social assets like education, knowledge, and skills that influence social mobility

Question 12

Income

Answer 12

Money earned through work, investments, or other sources.

Question 13

Wealth

Answer 13

Total assets owned, including property and investments, minus debts.

Question 14

Race

Answer 14

A social construct used to categorize people based on physical characteristics like skin color.

Question 15

Ethnicity

Answer 15

Shared cultural heritage, traditions, and language of a group

Question 16

Racialization

Answer 16

The process by which social, economic, and political processes assign racial identities to groups

Question 17

Racial Projects

Answer 17

Initiatives or practices that construct racial meanings and redistribute resources along racial lines

Question 18

Model Minority Myth

Answer 18

A stereotype portraying a specific racial or ethnic group as more successful, often used to downplay racism.

Question 19

Structured Racism

Answer 19

Systematic inequality embedded in institutions and policies.

Question 20

Accumulation/Dis-accumulation of Privilege

Answer 20

Processes by which advantages or disadvantages are built up over time due to systemic inequality

Question 21

Racialized Space

Answer 21

Physical or social spaces associated with particular racial groups, often due to historical segregation.

Question 22

Split Labor Market

Answer 22

A labor market divided by race, ethnicity, or class, often leading to unequal pay or opportunities

Question 23

Gender

Answer 23

Socially constructed roles, behaviors, and attributes associated with being male or female

Question 24

Sex

Answer 24

Biological differences between males and females.

Question 25

Doing Gender

Answer 25

The performance of gender roles through everyday interactions.

Question 26

Gender Ideology

Answer 26

Beliefs about the roles and behaviors appropriate for different genders

Question 27

Gendered Institutions

Answer 27

Organizations structured by gender norms and roles.

Question 28

Gendering Institutions

Answer 28

The process by which institutions perpetuate gender roles and expectations

Question 29

Second Shift

Answer 29

The unpaid domestic labor performed after working a paid job

Question 30

Glass Escalator

Answer 30

The advantage men experience in traditionally female-dominated professions

Question 30

Glass Ceiling

Answer 30

The invisible barrier preventing women and minorities from reaching top positions.

Question 30

Hegemonic Masculinity

Answer 30

Dominant cultural norms defining idealized forms of masculinity

Question 31

Intersectionality

Answer 31

The interconnected nature of social categorizations like race, gender, and class, creating overlapping systems of discrimination

Question 32

Globalization

Answer 32

The increasing interconnectedness of the world's economies, cultures, and populations.

Question 33

Glocalization

Answer 33

The adaptation of global practices to fit local contexts

Question 34

Cultural Imperialism

Answer 34

The imposition of one culture’s values and practices on another

Question 35

Global Division of Labor

Answer 35

The allocation of production and labor across the globe, often reflecting inequalities between countries.