Final Exam Flashcards
(191 cards)
1
Q
What is cultural safety?
A
“Requires the explicit and detailed recognition of the cultural identity of the Indigenous people and the historical legacy of power relations and repression”
2
Q
What is reflective learning?
A
Students take a step back to analyze and reflect on their responses to the course materials
3
Q
What is insurgent education?
A
Engage in “decolonizing and discomforting moments of Indigenous truth-telling that challenge the colonial status quo”
4
Q
What is Indigenous Ways of Knowing?
A
We respect that Indigenous Peoples have our/their own ways of knowing and interpreting the world that are not required to conform to Western paradigms
5
Q
Define Aboriginal.
A
-Defined as “Indian, Inuit and Métis People of Canada”
-Very Diverse
-Identities have been shaped, and continue to be shaped by colonial and neo-colonial policy
6
Q
Define Indigenous.
A
Considered more acceptable as a generalizing term, because it signifies that people have inhabited a particular territory for millennia, and because it connects common experience across the globe.
7
Q
Define First Nations.
A
-Refers to people who are members of and retain connections to one or more of the First Nation communities in Canada, and who may be Status or Non-Status Indians
-More than 50% of First Nations people no longer live in the lands that were reserved for their Nation
-This term became widely used in the 1980’s in place of ‘Indian’ or ‘Band’
8
Q
Define Metis.
A
-A complex identity that is legally defined within Canadian law and refers to the ‘mixed blood’ descendants of European and Indigenous people
-This identity developed from the recognition of the unique culture, language (Michif) and people of mixed ancestry descent from the French and Cree families living in the Red River Valley
9
Q
Define Inuit.
A
Legally defined identity embedded within Canadian law and refers to the culturally and linguistically similar people living in the Arctic regions
10
Q
What is self identification?
A
-Many Indigenous populations have their own Indigenous language-based names for themselves, their Indigenous nations, Tribal organizations, alliances, landmarks, life-ways and people.
-The terms ‘Indian’ and ‘Native’ are NOT preferable terms in this course
-By institutionalizing categories, terms and definitions of Indigenous groups/people, the colonial state has directly contributed to the breaking of family bonds, loss of identity and undermining of traditional Indigenous conceptions of identity and community
11
Q
Why does Terminology matter?
A
-It is dehumanizing not to use them appropriately and respectfully
-When you refer to someone as Indian, First Nations, Inui, etc. you are referring to them by an ‘assigned’ descriptor. When appropriate, add the Term Peoples, Persons or populations
-When speaking about race, ethnicity, sexuality, ability, or gender, the term is always explained by adding the subject
12
Q
Define race.
A
Socially constructed phenomenon that is not supported by scientific evidence - there is no ‘racial hierarchy’ - but nonetheless, ideas about racial categories and traits persist and continue to shape conversations
13
Q
What is critical race theory (CRT)
A
Examines how race is implicated in all aspects of society and how certain racial groups with power govern other racial groups
14
Q
Criticism of CRT
A
Does not name and examine the role of colonialism
Does not include the voices of Indigenous scholars/discussions around sovereignty
15
Q
Anti-racism education includes:
A
-Naming the visible and invisible powers and privileges that have been normalized by White people
-Examining the construction of race in relation to power
-Expands on anti-racism education and CRT by examining the links between colonialism and racism
16
Q
Define Racism.
A
Is the marginalization and/or oppression of people of colour based on socially constructed racial hierarchy that privileges white people
17
Q
What are the 8 Components of Racism
A
- Prejudice
- Ethnocentrism
- Stereotypes
- Discrimination
- Harassment
- Racial Harassment
- Microaggressions
- Colour Blindness
18
Q
What does “Unpacking the White Knapsack” define white privilege as?
A
an invisible package of unearned assets, that could be relied upon, but weren’t supposed to be recognized as assets
19
Q
sum up “unpacking the white knapsack”
A
- denial protects male privilege and same cane be see in white privilege
- whites are not taught to recognize their privilege
- “whites are taught to think their lives are morally neutral, normative, and average”
- their needs to be realization of this privilege
- list of extensive statements to ask when thinking about privilege (i.e. I can, if I wish, arrange to be in the company of my race most of the time, etc)
20
Q
different types of advantages associated with privilege. From the white knapsack article.
A
Earned strength vs. Unearned power
Positive advantages vs. Negative advantages
Unearned Entitlement vs. unearned advantage
21
Q
Where does advantage come from?
A
Race
Sex
Age
Ethnicity
Physical ability
Nationality
Religion
Sexual orientation
Social class
Economic class
22
Q
What are determinants of health?
A
Simply something that can impact an individual’s, a family’s or a community’s health
23
Q
What are social determinants of health?
A
Resulting from social constructions and situations
Provide us with a framework for understanding health and what influences it
Ex. where a person lives may impact their health status (lack of access to food and medical services)
24
Q
What does the World Health Organization say about social determinants of health?
A
States that social determinants of health are the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age, including health systems
25
What are the Public Health Agency of Canada's 12 key DoH?
Income and social status
Social support networks
Education and literacy
Employment/working conditions
Social environments
Physical environments
Personal health practices and coping skills
Healthy child development
Biology and genetic endowment
Health services
Gender
culture
26
What are the 3 levels of determinants of health?
Proximal
Intermediate
Distal
27
Describe Proximal when it comes to determinants of health?
“Conditions that have a direct impact on physical, emotional, mental, or spiritual health” such as overcrowding, family violence and substance use
These conditions create stress, which can promote learning difficulties, mental health issues, and exacerbated health problems
Broken down into subcategories:
Health behaviours
Physical environments
Employment and income
Education
Food insecurity
28
Describe Intermediate when it comes to determinants of health?
The origin of proximal determinants
This interaction between determinants is evident in the following areas:
-Health care systems
-Education systems
-Community infrastructure, resources, and capacities
-Environmental stewardship
-Cultural continuity
29
Describe Distal when it comes to determinants of health?
Refer to “political, economic, and social contexts that construct both intermediate and proximal determinants”
These overarching frameworks include:
Colonialism
Racism
Social exclusion
self -determination or lack thereof
30
Describe the River Parable
Tells a story of people walking alongside a river and seeing children in the water. They keep jumping in to save the children over and over again.
Then one of the people decides to go upstream to see how all these children are getting in the water and finds a man up there throwing children into the river.
Basically looking to the root of the problem instead of just trying to solve the temporary solution in front of us.
31
Disparity and Inequity
Often used interchangeably to signify that something is not equal
32
What is equality?
treating everyone the same, regardless of their individual circumstances or needs
33
What is equity?
is about fairness through adjusting resource opportunities based on individual needs and circumstances
34
Indigenous people are more likely....
- to have lower median after-tax income
- to experience unemployment
- to live in a house needing repairs
- to experience physical, emotional or sexual abuse
- to be victims of violent crimes
- to be incarcerated and less likely to be granted parole
35
How do Indigenous people rate the emergency department?
44% rated quality care in emergency departments as either fair or poor
36
How do Indigenous people access healthcare?
43% reported receiving poor treatment due to racism and discrimination
37
How are health services for Indigenous people funded?
- provincial systems provide acute and intensive services for ALL populations
- Federal government provides health services for on-reserve status First Nations and Inuit communities
- funding is not provided for non status or Metis populations
38
What is health transfer?
refers to the process by which control over health services and programs is transferred from federal/provincial governments to Indigenous communities or organizations
aims to give Indigenous people more control over their own health care systems
39
What is the broad goal of health transfer?
to move toward self-determination and reconciliation with Indigenous communities
40
How is Indigenous healthcare access different?
they are less likely to seek help when symptoms arise
more likely to be diagnosed at a later stage of disease than non-Indigenous people
41
What does the Health Council of Canada Report?
Doctors would not prescribe painkillers to Indigenous people
Emergency room patients were assumed to be under the influence of drugs and alcohol
Code words to signify dismissively to colleagues that the next patient is an Indigenous person
Keeping mothers and newborn babies longer than necessary to ‘access’ whether she will be a good parent
Indigenous woman was told she would not be included in the planning process for her family member’s care because she ‘wouldn’t understand’
42
Describe the Chandler and Lalonde study.
-demonstrates the important role of cultural contninuity and self-determination in health status, particularly that of social/mental health and suicide rates
- examined rate of Indigenous suicide rates compared to non-Indigenous
- Longitudinal study
- conducted in BC and finalized in 2008
43
What were some of the statistics found from the Chandler and Lalonde study?
Indigenous people account for 3% of the total population in BC but account for 9% of all suicides in BC
Indigenous youth account for 23% of all youth suicides in BC
The province wide rate of Indigenous youth suicide is 5x higher than the national average
44
What are the 6 factors associated with cultural continuity?
land claims
self government
self-determination
education services
police and fire services
health services
cultural facilities
45
What is the rational that supports Indigenous people having control over their own health services?
Communities with more of the 6 factors related to cultural continuity had either no suicides or reduced rates
Increased cultural continuity = reduced suicide rates
46
Describe creation stories.
we all have creation stories. An origin or conception story is used to explain how people and the world came into existence
47
What are some of the common ailments of Indigenous people, pre-contact?
pyorrhea (disease of the gums), arthritis, venereal disease and broken bones
48
What did Indigenous people use to help aid ailments?
they used plants and herbs as medicine (many modern drugs are derived from these)
Had healers
49
What are some of the practices Indigenous people used pre-contact?
- women were valued and held leadership roles
- children were raised according to the values of the sacred circle
- used to the resource-rich environment to provide abundant healthy food
- believes everything is interconnected (physical, mental, emotional, & spiritual)
- adapted to environment and migrated when needed
- in harmony with the environment and other species
50
What was special about healers?
they were specialized and trained from a young age
knew much more than the general healing practices
diverse knowledge in plant medicine, spiritual or ceremonial healing, physical, mental or emotional therapies and treatments, and minor surgeries
51
Define Colonization
mainly refers to the establishment of a colony in an area, or the spreading of a species into a new habitat, there are a number of practices associated with the act
52
What was the settlers goal in colonization?
- intended to permanently occupy and assert their control over, Indigenous lands
- This invasion is structural rather than a single event
- the goal is to eliminate colonial difference by eliminating Indigenous peoples, thereby establishing settler right to Indigenous lands
53
Colonial practices include..
war, displacement, forced labour, removal of children, relocation, massacres, genocide, banning of languages
acts as a structure of domination
54
What new Europeans values were forced onto the Indigenous population?
- patriarchy
- male-dominated power structures
this influenced their existing social/family relations
55
Prior to colonization, Indigenous people believe what about the land?
belief that the land belonged to everyone
land displacement/ownership was the first step towards European colonization
56
What are the 4 major contributors to the spread of infectious disease?
-Large, sedentary population
-Overcrowding and poor hygiene
-Poor nutrition
-Close contact with animals (they are reservoirs for microorganisms)
57
How did contact affect the Indigenous diet?
- Increase in saturated fats, sugars, starches, refined salts, alcohol, and caffeine have contributed to health and social problems
- Also loss of cultural knowledge about foods and medicines.
- After colonization, residential schools and reserves interrupted this pattern and changed their diets
58
during ________ years of contact, disease such as ______, ________, _______, _______ & ______ reduced population
200-300
smallpox, tuberculosis, influenza, scarlet fever, and measles
59
What is the estimated size of Indigenous population in Canada in 1871?
102,000
60
How many years did it take to increase the Indigenous population to 500,000?
over 100 years
in the early 1980's
61
almost ___% of off-reserve Indigenous children under the age of __ live in low income families, compared to ___% of non-Indigenous
50%
6 years
18%
62
____% of Indigenous children that live in large urban centers are living in low income families
57
63
Assimilation definition
“The policy of assimilation did not mean the physical annihilation of Indian people, rather it referred to the cultural and behavioural change of Indians such that when they would be culturally indistinguishable from other Canadians.”
64
Some of the ways the Indian Act achieves its goal...
controls Indigenous status
Land displacement
limits trade
oppresses cultural practices
65
When was the Indian Act adopted? and what was its goal?
1876
"explicit goal to control every facet of life on reserves"
66
Defining "Indianness" from the Indian Act
Between 1876 and 1985 ‘Indianness’ was traced through the male line
Indian women who married non-Indians ceased to be Indians under the Act. They weren’t considered Canadian Citizens ether between 1876 and 1960
Indian men could not lose status through marriage
If they married a non-Indian women, she gained status under the Act
67
The revision of the Indian Act
- In 1985, a revision to the Indian Act was made as this policy conflicted with the Charter of Rights and Freedom
-The revision, Bill C-31, allowed for Indigenous women who married Non-Indigneous men to reapply for status
-Although this step did not mean that women/families were welcomed back to their communities (many were unknown since they had lived off reserves for so long)
-Bill C-31 was developed to ensure that eligible children/grandchildren of women who lost their status become entitled to registration (status)
68
How did the Indian Act effect careers?
Section 86(1), sought to take away the access of any Indian who had a degree, or became a doctor, lawyer, or clergy member
Any Indian person wishing to pursue higher education risked losing his/her status as an Indian, including all benefits of living on reserve
69
What was the Blood Quantum Formula?
- Indigenous was also determined through this formula located in the act
- labels Indigenous as 6(1) or 6(2) and defines what level their children are recognized at, or if their children lose status based on the level of their parents
- tried to determine who was 'real' Indians
70
Define the purpose, and conditions of Residential schools
Used to destroy cultural values, beliefs and languages ("Kill the Indian in the child")
Underfunded, contained unsanitary conditions, caused health epidemics and hundreds of childrens deaths
Physical, emotional and sexual abuse
71
How were Residential schools come by in Canada?
in 1879, Sir John A. Macdonald assigned Nicholas Flood to report on the US's industrial schools
looked into the feasibility of establishing similar institutions
were originally to teach arts, crafts and industrial skills of modern economy but were used to solve the "Indian Problem" (the crown had a treaty obligation to protect and act in the best interests of the First Nations people as long as the First Nations kept their culture/traditions, therefore they wanted to get rid of it)
72
What churches pressured the government to fulfill the educational clauses in the numbered treaties?
the Catholic, Anglican, Presbyterian and Methodist
73
What is pedagogy?
Change learning and education from holistic to western
74
What is paganism?
Needed to be Christianized
75
Purpose of the residential schools in regards to culture, appearance and education?
Needed to take on ‘white-western’ values
Needed to ‘look’ more like white people
Needed to learn English or French; weren’t allowed to speak Indigenous languages
76
What year approximately did resident schools start?
During the 1870s
77
What happened in 1894?
a compulsory attendance policy was brought into the schools and they introduced removal policies
78
The government worked alongside the ____ tp ensure children went to the schools
church (until 1969)
79
In the early 1900s about ___/___ of children between the ages of ___ and ____ attended these schools
1/6 of children
the ages of 6-15
80
By the 1940s about ______ children were enrolled in ___ schools across the country
8000 children
76 schools
81
In 1992, how many former students were alive?
93,000
82
between the 1800s and 1900s hw many boarding/residential schools were there?
over 130
83
What was the sixties scoop?
in the 1960s, Canadian government extended assimilation from education into child welfare
This meant that through the Indian Act, social workers had a legal mandate to enter reserves and remove Indigenous children from their parents
Children were take and placed with white middle class families
removed if parents were not able to provide financially or if they did not have Christian beliefs
84
Prior to the 1960s, Indigenous children made up ___% of children in the child welfare system, by the late 1960s, Indigenous children made up ___%
1%
40%
85
Describe sterilization.
There was a number of Indigenous women who were sterilized so they could not have children.
Either coerced, forced or done without their permission
86
What effect did Alberta and BC have on sterilization?
They both had legislation in favour of eugenics (belief to improve the genetic quality of a population)
Alberta also had a Sexual Sterilization Act that was passed in 1928 and lasted until 1972
87
Patient consent was only given on ___% of sterilizations, in comparison to ___% for non-Indigenous women
17%
49%
88
What are some health inequities as a result of colonization?
- High infant and young child mortality
- High maternal morbidity and mortality
- Greater risk of infectious disease burdens
- Malnutrition and stunted growth
- Obesity, diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and chronic renal disease
89
What were some of the outcomes of colonization?
- Devastating exposure to smallpox, measles, and tuberculosis
- Dietary changes to foods that were nutritionally inferior
- Long-term social, psychological, and emotional damage
- Loss of traditional laws, languages, dress, religions, sacred ceremonies, rituals, healers, and health remedies
- Poverty, undereducation, unemployment, and exploitation
- Shortened lifespan
90
Some of the health inequities faced by adolescents due to colonization
Little knowledge of determinants of health and disease risk
Increasing use of harmful substances such as tobacco, alcohol, and other drugs
High-risk sexual activities
High-risk of unplanned, and “poorly supervised” (unsupported) pregnancies
Violence and trauma in crowded communities and urban environments
Increasing rate of obesity in increasingly urban populations
High rate of mental and emotional disorders
91
What were some of the inequities seen in mothers and children due to colonization?
- unfavourable prenatal and neonatal health care
- lower immunization numbers due to availability and feasibility
- greater risk of pre-mature birth, low birthweight, etc
92
What does cultural prohibition mean?
lack of opportunity for cultural expression
loss of traditional teachings and knowledge
loss of language
loss of identity
93
what fraction of Indigenous people are able to converse in their Indigenous language regularly?
1/4
94
What does residential instability look like?
- land exploitation
- high mobility weakens social cohesion
- Instability positively correlates with single parent, low income families (divorce, crime, and suicide)
95
In 2001, What faction of reserves had water supplies that were at risk?
2/3
96
What are some persistent problems in the healthcare system?
- poor understanding of the complexities of Indigenous health
- widespread prejudice and racism
- mishandling culturally sensitive matters
- government indifference, ignorance, neglect, and denial about poor state of Indigenous health
- false expectations that medical strategies can overcome Indigenous health problems
- not enough surveillance of Indigenous healthcare and striving to improve
97
What are some areas with improvement in Indigenous healthcare?
- Suppression of some vaccine-preventable diseases
- Improved pregnancy outcomes, including birthweight
- Lower rates of some infections and related deaths
- Some reduced maternal, infant, and young child mortality
- Increased life expectancy in some populations
- Improved education in some Indigenous groups and their employment in health-related fields
- Introduction of Indigenous components to education and training in health professionals
- Training of Indigenous peoples for careers in healthcare
- Increased participation of Indigenous people in policy-making
- Awareness of seriousness of health issues in Indigenous peoples
- Formal recognition of some national governments of Indigenous peoples’ rights
98
What are some areas in Indigenous healthcare that have deteriorated?
- illness associated with overcrowding/environmental contamination
- rapid upsurge of lifestyle diseases (obesity, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, diabetes)
- respiratory disease from smoking
- emotional, mental, and psychiatric illnesses
- STI's
- interpersonal and family violence
99
Canada is the 6th most developed country in the world. If First Nations were evaluated using the same data, they would be _____
63rd
100
First Nations are ___% of Canada’s Indigenous population; Inuit & Metis;
61% (900,000 people)
101
What fraction of First Nations living on reserves are high school dropouts?
6/10 (vs 3/10 for off-reserve and 1/10 for other Canadians)
102
A teen on a reserve is more likely to go to ____ than end up graduating high school
jail
103
what percentage of status First Nations live in poverty?
50% compared to 17% of other Canadians
104
What is the median income for First Nations?
19k (vs 33k for other Canadians)
105
What is the infant mortality rate for Indigenous populations?
8 in 1000 (vs 5.5 in 1000 for other Canadians)
106
What is the average life expectancy for Indigenous?
Man: 69 years (other Canadian average is 77)
women: 77 years (other Canadian average is 82)
107
Suicide rates for Indigenous people are ______x higher
5-6 times
108
What is the diabetes percentage for First nations over the age of 45?
19% (compared to 11% for other Canadians)
109
In May 2018, how many water drinking advisories were there in over 100 reserves?
174
110
what percentage of First Nations adults report depression in Canada?
18%
111
What are some of the social factors that affect PTSD
o Gender
o Lower income & education
o Life events
o Ethnic minority
112
What are some environmental factors that affect PTSD?
o Exposure to trauma
o Family instability
o Childhood adversity
-Separation from parents
-Poverty
-Family dysfunction
o Individual factors include:
-Personality
-Mental health
-Anxiety or depression
-Emotional or behavioural
problems before the age of
6
113
What are some signs of PTSD in children?
o Lose interest in play activities
o Recurrent nightmares
o Repetitive play with trauma-related themes
o Substance abuse
o Mental health issues
o Problems with personal and family relationships
114
What is complex PTSD?
layers of trauma experienced over a significant period of time
115
What is the connection between residential schools and PTSD?
Clinicians linked the symptoms of former residential school students to PTSD, but this diagnosis falls short due to the complex and intergenerational nature of their trauma.
116
what are the 5 Influential characteristics that perpetuate intergenerational transmission of trauma?
Traumatic Bonding
Trauma Re-enactment
Anxiety
Hyper-vigilance
Depression
117
How is historical trauma different from PTSD?
1. HT is more complex
2. HT is a collective phenomenon
3. HT is described as cumulative in its impacts over time
4. HT is intergenerational
118
What is the intergenerational outcome of Historical transmission?
Social disorders are not just caused by immediate trauma but by memories of past traumas passed down through generations, disrupting behavior and weakening social skills.
119
historic trauma transmission was coined for what purpose?
to explain the origins of social malaise (discomfort, ilness or lack of wellbeing) in Indigenous communities and the dynamics of interventions particular to Indigenous contexts.
120
what are some of the disadvantages that Indigenous people have faced due to historical trauma?
- Lower levels of income and education
- Poorer quality of housing
- Reduced access to resources
- Erosion of cultural identity
121
What are some ways to heal from PSTD/Historical trauma?
* re-engaging in positive social and cultural activities
* revisiting their past, and making connections between the traumatic events from the past and disruptive social behaviours in the present.
* becoming aware of their memories of suffering and understanding the meaning behind the images of loss and grief.
* revitalizing their political, social, and economic spheres, and their participation in a collective enterprise of bringing wellness to their communities
* Incorporating this cultural context honours the Indigenous ways of being prior colonization creating an stronger attachment to identity.
122
what is culture?
worldviews, lifestyles, learned and shared beliefs and values, knowledge, symbols, and rules that guide behaviour and create meanings within a group of people
it is dynamic
123
Culture can be influenced by:
race
gender
religion
ethnicity
socio-economics
sexual orientation
life experience
124
what is cultural continuity?
is the intergenerational culture connectedness preserved through families, communities, and knowledge holders who pass traditions on to subsequent generations
cultural continuity= determinants of Indigenous health
125
What is self determination?
the act of freely determining one's political status and freely pursing economic, social, and cultural development; and, dispose of and benefits from their wealth and natural resources
(Treaty law--Canada is obligated to respect the First Nations right to self determination)
126
What is cultural continuity as a spectrum?
cultural awareness
cultural sensitivity
cultural competence
127
What is culture awareness?
Awareness of one’s own culture, as well as others
Continuous process of examining and understanding other cultures
128
What is cultural sensitivity?
Focusing on being sensitive and respectful towards worldviews, principles, and practices of peoples from different cultures
129
What is cultural competence?
A focus on acquiring an adequate and appropriate set of skills, knowledge, attitudes, protocols, approaches, language, and experiences for working with people from other cultures
130
What is cultural safety?
Theory uphold political ideas of self-determination and de-colonization
Acts as a Person-Centered Model of care that situates overall health within the cultural, historical, economic, and political context of the service user
Aims to shift the power imbalance inherent in the relationship between healthcare providers and Indigenous health care recipients by empowering the recipient, and promoting their participation in decisions regarding their health
131
what is Cultural responsiveness?
Cultural responsiveness is the ability to learn from and relate respectfully to people of our own culture as well as from other cultures. It is an awareness of one’s own cultural identity and views, and the ability to learn and on the culturally different norms of others
(cultural responsiveness is a 4 step process towards cultural safety--awareness, sensitivity, competence and then safety)
132
How can you combat culturally unsafe care?
- use questions to ask yourself if you are being culturally responsive
- two-eyed seeing
133
What are some questions to ask regarding culturally unsafe care?
How am I reinforcing certain norms (perhaps Eurocentric norms) within healthcare?
How am I seeing certain behaviours, beliefs and practices as “normal” and others as “cultural”?
How am I serving certain economic and political interests through my daily practices?
134
What is 2 eyed seeing?
is the gift of multiple perspective treasured by many [Indigenous] peoples and explains that it refers to learning to see from one eye with the strengths of Indigenous knowledges and ways of knowing, and from the other eye with the strengths of Western knowledges and ways of knowing, and to using both these eyes together, for the benefit of all"
135
What are some other things you can do to ensure you are providing culturally safe care?
Ensure diversity amongst your team
Seek out opportunities to learn about or expose yourself to other cultures
Ask for feedback when appropriate
Ensure your patients or clients have ways to express themselves
136
What are some stats regarding the Alaska Nuka System of Care, an Indigenous lead model
- Emergency department visits decreased by 42%.
-Hospital stays were reduced by 36%.
-Childhood vaccination rates increased by 25%.
-Patient satisfaction in cultural safety reached 94%.
-Staff turnover decreased by 75%
137
What is the RCAP?
the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples
138
What is TRC?
Truth and Reconciliation Commission
139
What is MMIWG?
National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls
140
Describe the RCAP commission and year.
1991
a groundbreaking commission for its time, when Canadian society largely ignored issues of colonization and Indigenous experiences
residential schools were still operating when RCAP was formed, and colonization was not a focus in education
141
What is the TRC and year.
2008
marked a pivotal moment by bringing survivor testimonies to public attention on a national scale
the Calls to Action prompted institutions across sectors to address reconciliation. For example, post secondary institutions began appointing leaders for Indigenous engagement, such as U of R creating its Associate Vice-President (Indigenous Engagement) position in 2021.
142
What is the National Inquiry MMIWG and year.
2016
established nearly a decade after the TRC to address the unique challenges and risk faced by Indigenous women, girls, and 2-spirited individuals
highlights intersectionality, recognizing that the experiences of Indigenous women are shaped by both their identity as Indigenous peoples and their perceived gender
looks to research to discover the truth about violence to Indigenous women and girls.
143
What is the RCAP composed of?
5 volumes and over 4000 pages
19 recommendations
144
What are the RCAP 4 principles?
1. Mutual recognition
2. Mutual respect
3. Mutual sharing
4. Mutual responsibility
145
What are some of the initiatives and apologies made?
1. Gathering Strength Action Plan (Post RCAP)
2. Office of Indian Residential Schools Resolution Canada (2001)
3. Settlement Agreement (2007)
4. Formal Apology (2008)
146
Important info about the Gathering Strength Action Plan?
Included the Statement of Reconciliation, where the Canadian government acknowledged its role in the development and administration of Indian Residential Schools.
147
Why was the Office of Indian Residential Schools Resolution Canada made?
Established to manage abuse claims filed by former students against the federal government.
148
What are some of the measures addressed in the Settlement Agreement?
- Common experience payout (compensation for former students)
- Independent accessment process (focused on sexual/physical abuse claims)
- Truth and Reconciliation Commision (to document the history and impacts of the schools)
- Healing support Programs (funded for Aboriginal healing)
149
More details about the Formal Apology.
On June 11, 2008, Prime Minister Stephen Harper issued a public apology in the House of Commons to former students, their families, and communities.
150
What are the 5 sectors of the TRC?
1. Education
2. Child Welfare
3. Health
4. Culture and Language
5. Justice
151
What are the 2 main goals of the TRC?
Develop and teach curriculum on Indigenous spirituality, history of Residential schools, religious conflicts in families, and the churches responsibility to fix it
Establish funding for community-controlled healing/reconciliation projects, cultural/language projects and education/relationship projects
152
According to the Native Womens Association of Canada (NWAC), between 2000-2008, ____% of all homicides in Canada were of Indigenous women and girls, while Indigenous women and girls only make up ____% of the female population.
10%
3%
153
Out of 582 cases of missing/murdered Indigenous women/girls, stats show:
- 67% are murder cases
- 20% are cases of missing women or girls
- 4% are cases of suspicious death (natural or accidential by police)
- 9% are unknown
154
____% of the cases involve women/girls under the age of 31; only ___% involve women 45 and older
55%
8%
155
how many MMIWG are mothers?
88%
156
What percentage of murder cases have led to charges (MMIWG)?
only 53%
157
What is the Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium?
is a non-profit organization that provides a wide range of health services to Alaska Native people. It is the primary health organization for Alaska Native and American Indian people in the state of Alaska, operating under the guidance of the Alaska Tribal Health System. ANTHC works in collaboration with the Indian Health Service (IHS) and other tribal health organizations.
158
What is the IRSSA?
Indian Residential School Settlement Agreement
allocated 2 billion for nearly 86,000 survivors
included 60 million for the TRC to document over 6750 survivor testimonies
159
How many Calls to Action are there?
94
covering areas such as education, health, justice, language preservation, and professional training
160
There are approximately ______ Indigenous peoples in the world, belonging to ______ different groups, in ___ countries worldwide
370 million
5000 groups
90 countries
161
Indigenous knowledge should be viewed as...
complex knowledge systems that have developed overtime by particular people in particular areas that have been transmitted from generation to generation
162
Indigenous knowledge is considered (16 descriptive words)
adaptive
cumulative
dynamic
holistic
humble
intergenerational
invaluable
irreplaceable
moral
non-linear
observant
relative
responsible
spiritual
unique
valid
163
describe each of the 5 circles in the knowledge wheel?
Center = Individual person. Indigenous wellness starts with the individual
Second Circle = Different aspects of health (physical, mental, emotional, spiritual)
Third Circle = Overarching values that support wellness (respect, wisdom, responsibility, and relationships)
Fourth Circle = The people that surround an individual (nation, family, community, and land)
Fifth Circle = Social, cultural, economic, and environmental determinants of our health and well-being
164
The circle is ___________________________
primary to all life and life process
165
what does the term Knowledge Holder mean?
“Elder” was originally used to describe individuals who practice, maintain, and teach the unique customs, beliefs, and practices pertaining to Indigenous knowledge; however, Knowledge Holder is more appropriate
166
What is an appropriate gift to give a knowledge holder when seeking their knowledge?
Tobacco
167
What is the term used for a knowledgeable person originally, instead of knowledge keeper?
Elder
168
What is the medicine wheel?
Circular symbol broken into 4 quadrants of colours yellow, red, white, and black
Different nations have different medicine wheel teachings according to their stories, values, and beliefs
4 areas have attributes assigned to them (four directions, four states of being, four sacred medicines, four seasons, four elements, four stages of life)
169
Why is this circle so important?
The circle represents the circle of life, the circle of self awareness, and the circle of knowledge
The Indigenous people look to this circle as a reminder that everything flows in a circle and that live continues on and on
Also represents our own awareness of ourselves and states: mental, physical, spiritual, and emotional. We need all four to be balanced
Use the circle of knowledge as a tool for passing on knowledge
170
What does it mean that "all aspects of life are interconnected"?
All creation on mother earth was put here for a purpose
Spirit world connects to life on earth, water is connected to land, the sky connected to ground
Our connection to the land and mother earth can directly affect our spiritual well being (physical, emotional, mental health)
All nations of the earth are connected to the medicine wheel
171
Discuss details about the health research done on Indigenous peoples.
In 1942 researchers (including Canada's leading experts on nutrition) identified malnutrition/hunger in Indigenous communities
research done between 1942 and 1952
studies showed malnutrition was common, many health conditions would improve with provision of nourishment
172
What was wrong about the health research done in these communities?
government did not respond humanely to nutritional deficiencies
less than half the members were provided with vitamin supplements, leaving remainder in the same nutritional condition
researchers exploited conditions of Indigenous people (unethical collection of information)
also done in residential schools: trying to determine if these supplements could mitigate nutrition (didn't work)
children became more anemic, likely contributing to more deaths
173
How were these research techniques on Indigenous people/children allowed?
Setting out with “best intentions”
Participants already marginalized/vulnerable
Participants had no voice, no one looking out for their best interest
174
What are the types of research Indigenous communities desire?
Community driven
Self-determined
Action oriented
Culturally responsive
Upholds indigenous sovereignty of data/info
175
What was established to help ensure no more unethical studies/research?
contemporary research ethics boards established, controlled protocols/standards to govern research involving humans
176
What was flawed with the ethics boards for research?
- indigenous communities critique institutions/protocols
- claim standards/protocols are in place to protect universities/researchers, not participants
-Government of Canada (2018) tri-council statement is put into place to ensure ethical treatment of participants
177
Indigenous health research: types of research falls under 2 groups....
1. seek to change research structure from within
2. wish to create new path forward
178
Important research/academic institutions increasingly take up these guidelines:
Tri-council policy (2018) for ethical conduct for research involving humans governs research involving humans, funded in Canada
University of Manitoba framework for research engagement with FN, Metis, Inuit developed in partnerships with Indigenous communities
179
What is OCAP stand for?
Ownership
Control
Access
Possession
180
Definition of Ownership in OCAP.
refers to collective right of FN to their cultural expertise, data, info
181
Define Control in OCAP
affirms that FN, their communities are involved in research projects from start/finish
182
Define Access in OCAP
FN have access to info/data about selves
183
Define Possession in OCAP
raises point of physical control of data collected
184
What are the additional policies that Indigenous people have established for research?
Go beyond merely acquiring approval from community leadership
Balance individual/collective rights
Uphold cultural norms/values
Integrate indigenous self-determination into research
185
What came out of the research done on Indigenous children in residential schools?
The children were denied adequate nutrition to test the effects of dietary deficiencies and various supplements.
this data was used to inform national nutritional policies, including the development of Canada's Food Guide
186
What was expected to happen in the first wave of covid in regards to Indigenous populations?
- Colonial history + government mistrust = vaccine hesitancy
- Higher rates of infection/death
- Outbreaks
- Transmission between on/off reserve members
- Fear mongering, pushback
187
What did the first wave of covid actually look like for Indigenous people?
- high rates of vaccinations
- expanded delivery of vaccinations (lower ages, police, non-indigenous peoples)
- low rates of vaccine hesitancy
188
Case study between Regina and a Indigenous community 45 minutes away.
Regina, SK:
- Outbreaks
- High infection rates
- Increases hospitalizations
- COVID-19 benefits decreasing
(EI, CERB, support, etc.)
- Vaccine hesitancy, anti-vax
demonstrations
Example First Nations Community, SK:
- 0 active cases
- Social/health supports in place
- Vaccines available
- Borders restricted, now just
monitored
- Schools open, remote
available
189
Covid 19 4th wave facts about vaccination and cases.
SK has lowest vax rates in Canada, some indigenous communities (southern framing communities) had lowest COVID-19 vaccine uptake. FN fighting uphill battle against virus, case rates twice as high as rest of province
Indigenous services Canada says 64% of eligible population are fully vaccinated in FN in SK
higher vaccinations rates among seniors in FN communities vs younger people
190
What were some of the barriers for Indigenous people in Covid?
Mistrust of providers due to colonization/past practices (forced sterilization, medical experimentation)
Lack of access/regular use of healthcare
Lack of basic infrastructure (overcrowding, lack of services, poor housing, poor water supply, etc.)
- Ex.) intergenerational families:
overcrowding in home, less
change of proper isolation
Negative healthcare experiences, racial discrimination
191
Strengths for Indigenous people during Covid
- community beyond the individual (FN understood how to protect the vulnerable = more vaccinated)
- value of life
- value of health
- importance of our Knowledge Keepers
- Creative outreach ideas
