final exam Flashcards by Breanna Wiley

Used to measure risk with exposure and provide information on the speed at which a disease develops.

Rate

Percent

Proportion

Ratio

Rate

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

An occurrence in a community or region of cases of illness, specific health-related behavior, or other health-related events clearly in excess of normal expectancy.

Mortality

Pandemic

Morbidity

Epidemic

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

(Number of live births in a year/number of women aged 15-44 years at midpoint of the year) x 1,000

Crude Birth Rate

Fetal Death Rate

Maternal Mortality Rate

General Fertility Rate

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In 2013, a county in the United States with a population of 500,000 people may have had 20 new cases of tuberculosis (TB) The ___________ rate would be four cases per 100,000 people.

Prevalence Rate

Incidence Rate

Attack Rate

Mortality Rate

Incidence Rate

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

se this excerpt to calculate the rate using this formula: (Number of live births in a year/number of women aged 15-44 years at midpoint of the year) x 1,000

The midpoint US population in 2021 was 331,893,745. There were 65,080,433 women in the U.S. that year of childbearing age (15-44). There were 3,664,292 live births and 19,607 infants died before their first birthday. Of all live births, most (52.0%) were white and 23.8% were Hispanic

56.3 per 1000

196.0 per 1000

11.7 per 1000

30.0 per 100

56.3 per 1000

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

True or False:
A test with high external validity will prove the sample is fully representative of the population it was taken from.

True

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report is published by this Federal agency:

American Public Health Association

National Institutes of Health

World Health Organization

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Describes how much death and disability is caused by the disease or condition.

Frequency

Incidence

Severity

Exposures

Severity

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A disease that causes internal hemorrhage and whose last major outbreak occurred in Sierra Leone in 2014.

Zika

Ebola

Polio

Cholera

Ebola

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the interquartile range (IQR) of the number set: 5, 7, 8, 3, 4, 4, 8, 2, 7, 1, 6

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Used cow pox to create the first vaccine, ultimately used to eradicate smallpox.

Hippocrates

Edward Jenner

Paracelsus

John Snow

Robert Koch

Edward Jenner

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

This type of sampling is quick and inexpensive but is often highly biased.

Systematic sampling

Cluster sampling

Convenience sampling

Simple Random Sampling

Convenience sampling

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Military ranks can be classified as _________________ data.

Nominal

Ordinal

Interval

Ratio

Ordinal

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In a normal distribution, this is the percentage of data included within 1 standard deviation above and below the mean.

95.4%

13.6%

68.2%

99.6%

68.2%

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

This type of sampling uses a random process and is the least biased method.

Systematic sampling

Cluster sampling

Convenience sampling

Simple Random Sampling

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Used for displaying frequency distributions for continuous variables.

Histogram

Pie Graph

Line Graph

Bar Graph

Histogram

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 protects patients’:

Right to Insurance

Right to Privacy

Right to Treatment

Right to Choose a Provider

Right to Privacy

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Categories of transportation (car, plane, train) is __________ data.

Nominal

Ordinal

Interval

Ratio

Nominal

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The best use for this graph is showing trends over time.

Histogram

Pie Graph

Line Graph

Bar Graph

Line Graph

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Vital events include the following (select all that apply):

Death

Marriage

Birth

Disability

Divorce

Death

Marriage

Birth

Divorce

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Calculate the mean of the number set: 5, 7, 8, 3, 4, 4, 8, 2, 7, 1, 6

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The three V’s that categorize big data (select all that apply):

Velocity

Veracity

Variety

Volume

Value

Velocity

Veracity

Volume

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The measure of central tendency that is best to analyze skewed data.

Mode

Range

Mean

Median

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The father of modern epidemiology and the first to use mapping as a technique to track an epidemic.

Hippocrates

Edward Jenner

Paracelsus

John Snow

Robert Koch

John Snow

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

An ancient Greek philosopher who first suggested water as a source of disease and diet as a prescription for illness. Hippocrates Edward Jenner Paracelsus John Snow Robert Koch

Hippocrates

Three factors included in the Epidemiologic Triangle (select all the apply): Environment Agent Vector Location Host

Environment Agent Host

True or False: Ethics refers to norms and conduct that distinguish between acceptable and unacceptable behavior.

True

If the outcome increases with an exposure, there is: A noncausal association Positive Association No Association Negative Association

Positive Association

The Policy Cycle is five steps. What is step one? Policy establishment Policy assessment/evaluation Problem definition Agenda setting Policy implementation

Problem definition

The existence of differences in disease and adverse health outcomes occurring among specific groups. Poverty Socioeconomic Status Health Disparity Racism

Health Disparity

The following are types of biomarkers (select all that apply): Lab results Medical history Imaging studies Demographics

Lab results Imaging studies

True or false: An ecological fallacy refers to behavioral changes that result from their knowledge of being in a study.

False

Refers to the ability of the measuring instrument to give consistent results when repeated. Validity Specificity Reliability Sensitivity

Reliability

Which direction is a negative skew in?

left

A given disease is seen following a specific exposure and no other exposures A. Consistency B. Biologic Gradient C. Specificity D. Temporality E. Experiment

C. Specificity

An association should be observed repeatedly A. Consistency B. Biologic Gradient C. Specificity D. Temporality E. Experiment

A. Consistency

Should observe a cause before an effect A. Consistency B. Biologic Gradient C. Specificity D. Temporality E. Experiment

D. Temporality

Should show a linear trend between exposure and disease (dose-response curve) A. Consistency B. Biologic Gradient C. Specificity D. Temporality E. Experiment

B. Biologic Gradient

Evidence should support your causal hypothesis A. Consistency B. Biologic Gradient C. Specificity D. Temporality E. Experiment

E. Experiment

Ecologic studies are most often used for this purpose: To define subjects on the basis of presence or absence of an outcome of interest. To track the incidence of a specific disease or outcome over time. Investigate intentional change in some aspect of the status of the subjects designed to test a hypothesized relationship. To reveal how demographics and social environment contribute to morbidity and mortality.

To reveal how demographics and social environment contribute to morbidity and mortality.

This type of assessment measures the relationship between exposure and health effects. Risk Exposure Cost-Benefit Dose-Response

Dose-Response

The Gold Standard of pharmaceutical research is: Cohort Study Randomized Controlled Trial Case-Control Study Ecologic Study

Randomized Controlled Trial

This type of study uses populations or groups of people as the units of analysis. Cohort Case-Control Ecologic Experimental

Ecologic

The theory that disease floated in clouds, particularly around the dead. Germ Theory Spontaneous Generation Theory Miasma Theory Four Humors Theory

Miasma Theory

This is the most common screening for breast cancer. Mammogram Colonoscopy Fasting Blood Test Genetics Testing

Mammogram

Study outcome data is collected in the future once the exposure has occurred. Prospective Retrospective Longitudinal Ecologic

Prospective

In a(n) _________________ study, subjects are defined on the presence or absence of an outcome of interest. Cohort Case-Control Ecologic Experimental

Case-Control

This Newborn screening test will make sure they can metabolize phenylalanine. Biotinidase deficiency Cystic Fibrosis Pulse Oximetry Phenylketonuria

Phenylketonuria

____________ does not equal ____________. Exposure, effect Effect, Cause Association, causation Cause, Effect

Association, causation

The first step in starting any epidemiological research: Make a hypothesis Define your variables Fund your project Construct a research question using existing facts and hypotheses

Construct a research question using existing facts and hypotheses

True or False: A cluster of disease cases is a definitive sign of cause and effect.

False

The most common variable used to adjust rates and the variable that often shows the largest variation in disease occurrence. Age Race Ethnicity Sex Income

Age

Type of study used to determine point prevalence by examining relationship between variables at a specific time. Cross-Sectional Case Report Cohort Case Series

Cross-Sectional

The person or living animal where the infectious agent lives is called the: Vector Reservoir Host Fomite

Host

True or False: The severity of a disease is its virulence.

True

True or False: Presence of a genetic marker means the host will end up with the disease.

False

What is herd immunity? The resistance of an individual to an infectious agent The resistance of a community to an infectious agent The resistance of a substantial portion of individuals to an infectious agent The resistance of animals to an infectious agent

The resistance of a community to an infectious agent

Temperature and humidity are factors in ________________ environments. Physical Climatologic Economic Biologic

Climatologic

True or False: An observational study allows no control over exposure.

True

What is the definition of an index case? The case with the highest number of symptoms The first case of disease that comes to the attention of authorities A case that is resistant to treatment A case that is asymptomatic

The first case of disease that comes to the attention of authorities

These are all core functions of Public Health (Select all that Apply): Evaluation Affirmation Assurance Assessment

Assurance Assessment

True or False: Active immunity is the type of immunity a baby receives from breast feeding.

False

If an instrument is accurate and gives a true measurement, it is also: Reliable Specific Valid Sensitive

Valid

Which of the following best describes a life event sustained over a long period of time? Acute strain Chronic strain Temporary strain Intermittent strain

Chronic strain

These three disorders are commonly experienced together in childhood as a triad of mental disorders: ADHD, autism, and developmental delay Autism, learning disability, and developmental delay ADHD, autism, and learning disability Learning disability, ADHD, and developmental delay

Learning disability, ADHD, and developmental delay

______ is the ability of the test to identify those who do NOT have the disease. Validity Specificity Reliability Sensitivity

Specificity

True or False: Lead exposure can occur through absorption or inhalation.

False

The following is TRUE about Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (Select all that apply): It is a depressive disorder. Develops after seeing or living through an event that caused or threatened harm or death. It only affects soldiers that have gone to war. Can cause flashbacks and angry outbursts.

Develops after seeing or living through an event that caused or threatened harm or death. Can cause flashbacks and angry outbursts.

A(n) __________ ratio is the association between the frequency of exposure and the frequency of outcome. Hazard Odds Risk Rate

Odds

____________________ is the ability of a test to identify those who actually have the disease. Validity Specificity Reliability Sensitivity

Sensitivity

True or False: Hypertension is a risk factor for stroke.

True

The entry and development or multiplication of an infectious agent in the body of persons or animals. Infection Infectivity Incubation Immunity

Infection

Stress can be related to all the following causative factors but the following: Chemical Genetic Physical Emotional

Genetic

True or False: Dioxin is a highly toxic chemical that causes neurological effects and is found in Agent Orange.

True

Typhoid Mary spread disease without ever becoming symptomatic, making her a(n) _________________. Natural Reservoir Endemic Vector Carrier

Carrier

This event resulted in the second largest radiation exposure to a large population. Fukushima Daiichi Windscale Three-Mile Island Chernobyl

Chernobyl

A sex-linked bleeding disorder is: Sickle Cell Down Syndrome Hemophilia Tay-Sachs

Hemophilia

True or false: Overdiagnosis can lead to unnecessary medical treatments and psychological stress for individuals who are diagnosed with a condition that would never have caused symptoms or problems.

True

final exam Flashcards

(78 cards)