Final Exam

Question 1

What is an isotonic muscle contraction?

Answer 1

Where the muscle changes length while generating constant tension; includes concentric and eccentric types.

Question 2

What is an isometric muscle contraction?

Answer 2

Where the muscle does not change length but still generates tension; no movement occurs.

Question 3

What is a concentric contraction?

Answer 3

A type of isotonic contraction where the muscle shortens (ex:lifting a weight).

Question 4

What is eccentric contraction?

Answer 4

A type of isotonic contraction where the muscle lengthens under tension (ex: lowering a weight).

Question 5

What connective tissue surrounds individual muscle fibers?

Answer 5

Endomysium

Question 6

What layer surrounds muscle fascicles?

Answer 6

Perimysium

Question 7

What layer surrounds the entire muscle?

Answer 7

Epimysium

Question 8

What connective tissue surrounds individual nerve fibers?

Answer 8

Endoneurium

Question 9

What surrounds nerve fascicles?

Answer 9

Perineurium

Question 10

What covers the entire nerve?

Answer 10

Epineurium

Question 11

What initiates muscle contraction?

Answer 11

An action potential from a motor neuron at the neuromuscular junction.

Question 12

What neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular junction?

Answer 12

Acetylcholine (ACh)

Question 13

What protein does calcium bind to in the sarcomere?

Answer 13

Troponin

Question 14

What is the power stroke?

Answer 14

The myosin head pulls actin inward after ATP hydrolysis, shortening the sarcomere.

Question 15

What causes the myosin head to detach from the actin?

Answer 15

Binding of a new ATP molecule.

Question 16

What happens during muscle relaxation?

Answer 16

Calcium is pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum, myosin-binding sites are covered again

Question 17

What are thick filaments made of?

Answer 17

Myosin

Question 18

What are thin filaments made of?

Answer 18

Actin, along with troponin and tropomyosin

Question 19

What is the role of tropomyosin?

Answer 19

It blocks myosin-binding sites on actin at rest.

Question 20

Which muscle fibers are slow-twitch?

Answer 20

Red fibers; used for endurance (ex: running).

Question 21

Which muscle fibers are fast-twitch?

Answer 21

White fibers; used for power (ex: sprinting).

Question 22

What type of lever has the fulcrum in the middle?

Answer 22

First-class (ex: seesaw or triceps extension)

Question 23

What type of lever has the load in the middle?

Answer 23

Second-class (ex: standing on tip toes).

Question 24

What type has the effort in the middle?

Answer 24

Third-class (ex: bicep curl)

Question 25

What are the four muscles of mastication?

Answer 25

1. Masseter 2. Temporalis 3. Medial Pytergoid 4. Lateral Pytergoid

Question 26

What are the four rotator cuff muscles?

Answer 26

Supeaspinatous