Final exam Flashcards
(124 cards)
1
Q
What is more effective than incarceration?
A
Community programming is more effective than incarceration.
2
Q
What are the ranges in a prison?
A
Ranges are different places where inmates stay in a prison.
3
Q
What types of correctional institutions are there?
A
- Provincial Correctional institutions/centres : mainly people on remand and immigration services
- Federal penitentiaries: offenders serving 2+ years
- Regional Treatment centres
- Community correctional centres for individuals on conditional release.
4
Q
What are the security levels of correctional institutions?
A
Security levels include:
- Minimum-security institutions: no perimeter fencing, unrestricted inmate movement except at night.
- Medium-security institutions: high security perimeter fencing, some restrictions on inmate movement.
- Maximum-security institutions: high security perimeter fencing, highly controlled environment.
- Special Handling Unit (SHU): federal correctional facility that houses inmates who pose such a risk they cannot be in maximum security.
- Multilevel institutions (has minimum, medium, maximum integrated).
5
Q
What are Regional Treatment Centres?
A
Regional Treatment Centres operate as hospitals &/or psychiatric hospitals, providing clinical assessments and in-patient treatment for inmates with serious mental health conditions &/or cognitive/physical challenges.
6
Q
What is the purpose of Indigenous Healing Lodges and what section of CCRA authorizes them?
A
Indigenous Healing Lodges are designed to provide culturally sensitive & appropriate treatment programs for Indigenous offenders. Section 81 of CCRA authorizes federal government to enter agreements with Indigenous communities to operate healing lodges
7
Q
What is static security?
A
Static security refers to fixed security apparatuses in correctional institutions such as perimeter fencing, video surveillance, alarms, and control rooms. Officers being placed at posts.
8
Q
What is dynamic security?
A
Dynamic security involves ongoing interaction between correctional officers and inmates, including working and speaking with inmates, making suggestions, providing information and being proactive
9
Q
What are the two conflicting goals of prisons?
A
Prisons are asked to pursue punishment/retribution and rehabilitation.
10
Q
What is a total institution?
A
Prisons are referred to as total institutions (Erving Goffman), characterized by a highly structured environment where all movements of inmates are controlled 24 hours a day, centralized authority, no privacy, time scheduled with rules and regulations, activities and time are focused on institutional goals. Psychiatric hospitals are also like this. Total institutions have barriers to the outside world, such as locked doors, high walls, and barbed wire.
11
Q
What are the challenges of managing correctional institutions?
A
Challenges include
-meeting legislative requirements
-increasing accountability
-managing staff
-ensuring inmate safety and rights
-growth in remand populations and health needs in remand populations
-Preventing disorder and disturbances
-lack of facilities in the North
-Overcrowding
-other physical healthcare needs, such as preventing spread of infectious diseases
12
Q
What is segregation in correctional management and what system is it from?
A
Segregation is a management strategy involving an inmate locked in a cell for 23 hours a day, often referred to as solitary confinement. It is a continuation of the auburn system.
13
Q
What are the two types of segregation under the Corrections and Conditional Release Act?
A
The two types of segregation are:
- Disciplinary segregation for rule violations.
- Administrative segregation for threats to the prison population (to protect offenders such as snitches or sex offenders)
14
Q
What can long-term confinement in segregation lead to?
A
Long-term confinement in segregation can increase mental health problems such as anxiety and depression.
15
Q
Continuum of correctional institutions
A
The differences in institutional environments among correctional institutions located at either end of the security spectrum—maximum to minimum. Total institution less evident in minimum security prison, more in max
16
Q
Duty to act fairly
A
The obligation of correctional authorities to ensure that offenders are treated fairly by corrections personnel
17
Q
Number of offender deaths while in custody: 10-year trend
A
Total number of deaths has grown nearly 50%. Suicide and other causes has grown, homicide slightly decreased
18
Q
Admissions to administrative segregation in a federal institution: 5-year trend
A
Use of segregation reduced significantly for all races from 2015 to 2019.
19
Q
_____% of placements in administrative segregation in a CSC facility were for less than 30 days and what groups are likely to stay longer
A
72%. Indigenous offenders and males more likely to stay longer than 30 days
20
Q
Structured intervention units
A
In 2019, CSC abolished administrative segregation. They help offenders adopt more positive behaviours through targeted interventions and programs. Require that offenders spend 4 hours a day outside the cell with 2 hours of meaningful interaction. CSC transfers offenders to SIUs only when they cannot be safely managed in the mainstream federal prison population because of risks to their own safety or the risk they pose to others
21
Q
Special Needs Prison Populations
A
o Indigenous peoples
o Black persons
o Older inmates
o Offenders with mental health disorders
o Offenders suffering from trauma
o Offenders with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)
o LGBTQI2S+: Gender identity & sexual orientation in custody
o Inmate gangs
22
Q
In the past, correctional treatments were based on what and did they help?
A
- Educational programs
- Drug and alcohol treatment
- Employment and vocational training
These efforts were intended to help prisoners develop a set of job-related skills they could use once returned to the community. Although did little to increase prisoners knowledge or skills to get them a well-paying job.
23
Q
Case management
A
The process by which the needs and abilities of offenders are matched with correctional programs and services
24
Q
Correctional plan
A
Determines the offender’s initial institution placement, specific training or work opportunities, and preparation for release
25
Institutional treatment programs
Target criminogenic and anti-social behaviours through substance abuse, relapse prevention, education, and anger management interventions
26
Principles of Effective Correctional Treatment
- Based on empirically supported models of
correctional change
- Incorporates the principles of risk, need and responsivity (RNR)
- Focuses on the dynamic risk factors
- Monitored, evaluated, accredited
- Implemented by well- trained, dedicated program staff
27
What distinguishes a correctional officer from a prison guard?
The term 'correctional officer' is more respectful and acknowledges that COs do more than just guarding.
28
What are the four main tasks of correctional officers in provincial institutions?
1. Security: dynamic and static, providing surveillance inside the prison
2. Service: looking after inmate needs
3. Helping inmates adjust to life inside prison
4. Helping inmates prepare to re-enter the community
29
What are desirable attributes for correctional officers?
1. Setting consistent boundaries
2. Communicating well
3. Showing moral integrity
4. Exercising power and authority fairly
5. Understanding the challenges faced by inmates
6. Being optimistic in a difficult environment
7. Accurate report writing
30
How are correctional officers recruited and trained and what are some issues?
1. Variance in training between federal and provincial COs. Federal training is all regulated while provincial training isn't.
2. Lack of diversity among COs
3. Applicants screened for experience, citizenship, education, and other requirements
4. Must pass general aptitude test, medical, and physical standards (COPAT physical abilities test).
5. Candidates ‘partially qualified’ eligible to go to training program and in-depth interview
6. Special training required for women's institutions
31
What significant hiring event occurred in Ontario in 2016?
Ontario started hiring 2000 more COs, with 800 going to Toronto South Detention Center meaning they weren't properly dispersed. Many went there because of the growing number of people on remand/people who haven’t been convicted, high turnover, higher violence and more overcrowding
32
What are the perceived benefits of correctional work?
1. Booming business
2. Provides a steady paycheck
3. Personally fulfilling
4. Being part of the justice dispensing machinery
33
What challenges do new correctional officers face during socialization?
They have little knowledge of what working in a prison will be like and must learn subtle nonverbal cues to read inmates and the intricacies of the inmate social system. Inmates test new COs. COs must gain acceptance from co-workers. COs develop accommodative relationships with
inmates that are like “push-pull” interactions.
34
What is the occupational subculture or ‘normative code of behaviour’ among correctional officers?
It consists of behavioral rules that guide interactions and contribute to solidarity among COs. Including always assisting officers in real/potential danger, don’t rat on fellow officers; don’t socialize with inmates, listen to veteran officers. Culture reinforced due to constant threats of danger, dependence on each other, code of silence, hostility between inmates and COs, conflicting demands of the job, and limited opportunities for advancement. Important to note correctional officers not monolithic group and experiences can vary.
35
What are the three typologies of correctional officers?
1. Dualists: can be a security or harmony dualist, viewed as being both compassionate and strict with a focus in one or the other
2. Punishers: enforcement-oriented and punitive
3. Moral Relativists: exhibit ambivalence and change over time, not committed to a certain approach
36
Custodial vs correctional agendas of CO's
- Custodial agenda: centres on control and enforcement of regulations. Historically includes excessive force.
- Correctional agenda: COs function as change agents to help inmates and ease difficulties and as intermediary between inmates and insititution.
COs have considerable discretion. COs may resort to informal punishments, not sending an inmate to yard or programming
37
What types of power do correctional officers exert? SHORT ANSWER QUESTION
1. Coercive power: rule enforcement, disciplinary charges and searches
2. Reward power: awarding certain privileges and favourable reports
3. Legitimate power: officers formal authority
4. Expert/Professional power: Use of expertise to resolve conflicts
5. Exchange power: informal system of rewards, under-enforcement of regulations
38
What factors influence the use of force by correctional officers?
Training, determining factors, increases up the correctional-security ladder and the authority of the warden. Statistics are sketchy or non-existent.
39
What is the main source of stress for CO's
Their co-workers, not inmates
40
Reported use of force incidents in toronto south detention center
- Increased significantly from 2014
- When a lot of new COs were hired, it went up (2017)
- In 2017 there was an incident once a day
41
In United States and UK, COs have inappropriate relationships with inmates
Why does this happen?
- Power dynamics
- Emotional vulnerability
- Personal issues
- Lack of training or supervision
- Organizational culture
42
Rate of use of force in regional treatment centers
Millhaven is most violent institution
Spiked significantly in millhaven in 2015-16
RPC bath had virtually no violence
43
CSC new hires in select Ontario correctional facilities, 2014-2017
2014-366
2015-114
2016-774
2017-896
44
Reported Inmate-on-Staff Incidents of Violence, 2012-2017
Steady increase from 2012 to 2016 and then nearly doubled from 2016 to 2017
45
What was the golden era of prison research?
The 1950s to 1970s was seen as the golden era of prison research and Canada was leading worldwide.
46
How does Canada's incarceration rate compare to Europe?
Canada's incarceration rate is high compared to many European countries.
47
What percentage of federal prisoners are serving a sentence of less than 5 years?
Nearly 50% of federal prisoners are serving a sentence of less than 5 years.
48
What is the fastest growing prison population in Canada?
The fastest growing prison population is Indigenous women, who make up 42% of federal women incarcerated.
49
What factors impact an offender's entry into prison?
The impact that entry into prison has depends on an offender's personality, offence history, and previous incarcerations.
50
What are status degradation ceremonies?
Status degradation ceremonies occur during entry into prison, with an absence of status restoration ceremonies during release.
51
What is the prisonization effect (Donald Clemmer 1940)?
The prisonization effect is the process by which an individual takes on the values and norms of the prison.
Low level of prisonization=shorter sentences, stable personalities and positive relationships outside of prison, refuse to integrate with prison groups
High level of prisonization=longer sentences, unstable personalities, few relationships outside of prison are well integrated into prison groups
52
What is the deprivation model introduced by Gresham Sykes (1958)?
The deprivation model states that inmates immediately feel deprivation and develop a social system to adapt to the pains of imprisonment. Depriving conditions of the prison have a huge impact on a prisoners sense of self, self-esteem and adjustment.
53
What are the five specific pains of imprisonment?
The five specific pains are deprivation of liberty, goods and services, heterosexual relationships, autonomy, and security.
54
Prisoners adapt in two ways
1. Become a part of the society of captives, to develop a cohesive, shared identity, where each prisoner is loyal and respectful to each other. Under this mode prisoners follow an understood set of norms
2. Alienative response, prisoner chooses not to be a part of the general subculture and instead chooses to take on a specific type of role. Sykes described these roles as argot roles, which some inmates take on as a coping response to the difficulties of prison. Argot roles=neutralize
55
What is the inmate code?
The inmate code includes norms such as not betraying other inmates, staying tough, being dependable, and not supporting guards. Inmates adhere so they aren't victimized. More prevalent in federal institutions.
56
What is the importation model by Irwin & Cressey (1970)?
The importation model suggests that what prisoners bring into prison influences their adaptation, based on patterns learned on the streets.
57
What are the three distinctive subcultures imported into prison?
1. Thief culture: professional and serious criminals who emphasize culture that exists in prison. Aims to make a sentence run as smoothly as possible, seeking out occasional luxuries to make life in prison easier
2. Convict subculture: These individuals are state raised youth with long records of confinement in juvenile institutions. Socialize with more exploitative and manipulative cultures
3. Legitimate culture: These are marginal, straight prisoners who hold a legitimate value system, have anti-criminal attitudes, and generally conform to institutional goals, acting in accordance with conventional, lawful principles.
58
What does Johnson (2002) suggest about the pains of imprisonment?
Johnson suggests that the pains of imprisonment are more psychological than physical and that prisoners should be taught mature coping which involves
- Dealing with the problems in the prison in a straightforward way and not resorting to denial or manipulation
- Avoiding the use of deception or violence to address problems
- Trying to care for oneself and others
59
What does Crewe (2007) say about adaptations to prison?
Crewe states there is no single pattern of adaptations to prison, which is impacted by drugs and gangs.
60
What happened to the death penalty in 1976?
The death penalty was abolished and replaced with a mandatory life sentence without the possibility of parole for 25 years.
61
What coping mechanisms do inmates use?
Inmates try to reduce pains of imprisonment through drugs, contraband, sexual gratification, and mature coping.
62
What has changed in prison life regarding contraband from 2007-2011?
Cell phones and fentanyl have probably increased in popularity. Overall all contraband is increasing. THC levels are pretty similar, while knives (shanks) have become more popular.
63
What factors contribute to violence in correctional institutions?
Living conditions, overcrowding, actions of CO's, demographics and gang activity contribute to violence in correctional institutions. LGBTQ inmates and sex offenders may be more at risk. Also if you have debts and are poor you can be victimized. Violence happens more in higher security prisons.
64
Examples of argot roles (merchant, gorilla, wolves, punks)
Merchant=economically exploits other prisoners and is in charge of undergrond economy
Gorilla=takes goods from others
wolves=steal sex from others
square/straight john=new prisoner from a formative prosocial background
65
Stages of a life sentence
1. Adaptation: loss of identity, shock of imprisonment, hopelessness, isolation
2. Integration: lifer identity, search for individuality
3. Preparation for release: correctional plan, discovering a new identity, community networking
4. Reintegration into society: temporary absences, parole
66
Overdose Incidents in Federal Custody, 2012/2013 - 2016/2017
Main reason for overdoses was unintentional non-fatal overdose. Overdoses both intentional, nonintentional and fatal increased. Most common in praries, then pacific, ontario, quebec and atlantic. Offenders who overdosed tended to be male, caucasian or Indigenous
67
Substances Involved in Overdose Incidents
* In the five-year period under examination, opioids were the most common substance identified in overdose incidents, suspected or confirmed as either a standalone or a contributing substance in 52% of cases
* Overdose incidents involving opioids increased
68
Short answer question on final exam: How did the guest lecture on Indigenous people inform your understanding about the overrepresentation of Indigenous people in the CJS?
- social determinants of health
- injustice and inequlities in every part of society which contribute to leading Indigenous people to crime
- violating human rights
- how Indigenous people are set up to fail and CJS continues cycle of violence
69
How many people are released from prisons, jails, and detention centers in Canada each year?
100,000+ people are released each year.
70
Origins of early release
- Now called conditional release
- Royal Prerogative of Mercy: Previously the only avenue for early release, Pardon for humanitarian reasons
- 1890s—indeterminate sentences and the mark system for juvenile offenders
- The Ticket of Leave Act (1899)
- First Dominion parole officer: 1905
- Parole Act (1959)—the Parole Board of Canada (PBC) came into being
71
What is the purpose of conditional release according to Section 100 of the CCRA?
To maintain a peaceful and safe society and facilitate the rehabilitation of offenders. And make decisions on the timing and conditions of release.
72
What are the two key conditions outlined in Section 102 of the CCRA for an offender's release?
(a) The offender will not, by
reoffending, present an undue risk
to society before the expiration
according to law of the sentence the
offender is serving; and
(b) The release of the offender will
contribute to the protection of
society by facilitating the
reintegration of the offender into
society as a law-abiding citizen
73
What are the types of conditional release?
- Temporary absences (TAs), for example for a funeral, for extenuating circumstances
- Work release
- Day parole (can only leave during the day)
- Full parole (can come at any time after 1/3 of sentence)
- Earned remission date (provincial/territorial inmates)
- Statutory release (federal inmates), which is after 2/3 of sentence
- Warrant expiry date is very last day of full sentence
74
What trend has been observed regarding the use of conditional release in recent years?
Conditional release is being used less often than in previous years. This is due to abolition of accelerated parole review (changed by the Harper conservative government). Changes by Harper government resulted in non-violent offenders serving more of their sentences in custody, rather than in the community
75
What was a significant issue during COVID-19 related to conditional release?
Outbreaks in facilities led to calls for early release of nonviolent offenders.
76
What is the role of Pre-Release Planning?
To manage risk posed by an offender and provide access to programs and services in the community.
* Often minimal in provincial/territorial institutions, Hinders successful reintegration
* Federal inmates have greater access to pre- release assistance, Has not led to earlier releases: 80% incarcerated past first parole eligibility date
77
What is the role of Institutional Parole Officers (IPOs)?
o Vital role in reintegration assistance & preparation for 1st eligibility date
o Considerable discretion in recommending early release
78
What is the purpose of a parole certificate?
Document that contains standard and special conditions the board deems necessary to protect society and facilitate offender rehabilitation
Standard: reporting to PO, obeying law, not owning or possessing weapon, securing permissions
Special: treatment programs, informing PO of relationships, abstinence, from intoxicants, maintain employment, reside in approved residence
79
What are the common needs of offenders reentering the community?
Housing, employment, and health needs.
80
Dynamics of parole board decision making
- Parole boards are administrative tribunals, not courts of law
- In office file review or in person hearing
- Presided over by two board members and a parole hearing assistant
- Inmates asked about release plan and strategies to succeed in the community to ascertain suitability for release
81
What is the impact of post-secondary education on offenders?
It can improve their chances of successful reintegration by 45-75%.
82
What are the 'pains of re-entry'?
Difficulties experienced by inmates upon release when attempting to adjust to life in the community.
83
What does prisoner re-entry refer to?
It refers to both a process and a singular event of leaving prison.
84
What challenges do inmates face during parole hearings?
Hearings can be stressful and intimidating, and socio-economic disparities may affect their performance. Some inmates play the parole “game”, by making it seem like they’re reforming and taking all the right steps, presenting themself as a non convict. Trying to cheat the system when you’re really not rehabilitated. (Ex. morgan freeman from Shawshank redemption, as soon as he stops pretending he gets out)
Provincial/territorial: many inmates don’t apply for parole, paper decisions are common, may not apply due to supervision requirement until warrant expiry date.
85
What does parole board consider, what is community strategy guide and assessment for decision
- Parole board considers multiple documents. Examples: police reports, criminal record, presentence reports, classification reports, letters of support, victim impact statements, release plan
- Community strategy guide: evaluate feasibility of proposed community plan. Focus: level of supervision required and availability of community resources
- Assessment for decision. Recommendations for conditional release and associated special conditions
86
Issues in parole board decision making
Lack of board member diversity
Boards may be subject to public and political influence
Absence of clearly defined release criteria
Absence of case information feedback to parole board members
87
Visher and Travis (2003):
Post release transition vs integration
Post release transition: time immediately after prison
Post release integration: the weeks and months after prison
88
Durnescu 2018: reentry can be understood as a process consisting of multiple steps that are shaped by ex-prisoners priorities and immediate needs (potential short answer)
1. Pre release anticipation stage, time leading up to release and the day of release
2. First two weeks of release, during which recovery and reunion with family are typically prioritized by returning prisoners (honeymoon phase)
3. An “activation” phase (weeks three and four of the re-entry process), when economic activity, looking for and securing work, becomes important
4. Following week 4, Durnescu finds that former prisoners tend to settle in their new roles and routines while others may start to feel frustrated and hopeless, which, at least in part can lead to reoffending
Release from prison is also seen as an event. It is the critical event of leaving the prison.
89
Criticisms of concept of prisoner re-entry
Some scholars have criticized the conceptualization of prisoner re-entry as a process for implying that a clear separation exists between the prison and the outside world when, in reality, many prisoners move between these two spheres
- Wacquant (2010): vast majority of former convicts experience not reentry but ongoing circulation between the two poles of a continuum of forced confinement
- Bumiller (2013): the majority of ex-prisoners were not integrated into mainstream society prior to going to prison
Thus, reentry is a cycle
90
Inmate parole decision appeals
●Available in cases when proper
procedures not followed
●Appeal must be made within 60 days
●s. 147 of CCRA
Appeal division may
o Uphold original decision
o Uphold decision with requirement to review case prior to next
scheduled review
o Order new hearing without
changing initial decision
o Reverse/cancel/vary original
decision
91
Dynamic need domains of newly released people
Dynamic need domains:
* Attitudes, community functioning,
employment, marital/family, personal
and emotional, associates, and
substance abuse
Additional challenges due to:
* Inadequate discharge planning,
inability to secure housing, barriers
to employment and education,
inadequate social supports, stigma
92
INNOVATIONS IN COMMUNITY ASSISTANCE AND SUPERVISION: CIRCLES OF SUPPORT AND ACCOUNTABILITY (COSAs)
*First developed by the Canadian Mennonite community in the early 1990s
*Based on traditional Indigenous practice of healing circles
*Centred on principles of restorative justice
*Provide support for sex offenders released from federal institutions
93
Suspension and revocation of conditional release
Several ways CR supervision
comes to an end:
(1) Successful completion of sentence to
the end of the supervision period
(2) Revocation for a breach of a
condition of release
(3) Revocation as a prevention measure
(4) Revocation due to a conviction for a
new offence
(5) Termination of CR due to
circumstances beyond client’s control
94
The Effectiveness of Reentry Programs
* No “one-size-fits-all” model
* Lower-risk offenders benefit
the most from parole
* Offenders released on statutory
release are more likely to
commit a new offence
* No conclusive evidence that
EM programs decrease
reoffence or increase public
safety
* Research shows that COSA
participants have lower rates
of reoffence & a positive view
of the program
* It is unlikely that CN is
effective, & it may actually
hinder reintegration
95
Only around ___% of convicted offenders are incarcerated
5%
96
Direct supervision model
Locating CO's in living units to promote ongoing interactions with inmates and so they can respond to inmate needs and establish control
97
Indirect supervision model
Locating CO's in enclosed areas outside of living units, often relying on surveillance technology to monitor inmate behaviour, limits dynamic security since they can only enter living units for inmate counts throughout the day
98
Unit management model
Each unit has a manager who reports to a deputy warden and supervises CO's. Found in most provincial and territorial correctional institutions.
99
Remand (what is it, how many adults get it)
Punishment before conviction. People awaiting sentencing hearings who have to wait in provincial facilities. More costly than bail. About 2/3 of adults in custody, outnumbering those sentenced to jail.
100
How to reduce prison overcrowding
- Increase use of bail
- More remote bail hearings
- Conditional release
- Sanction breaches of community supervision orders
- Increase alternatives to incarceration
101
How common are mental illnesses and trauma in prisons
Rates of mental disorders 4-7x more common in prison than among general population. 70% of men, 80% of women, 96% of Indigenous women. 1/2 of incarcerated people have history of trauma.
102
Four key principles of trauma informed practice
1) Trauma awareness
2) Choice, collaboration and connection
3) Safety and trustworthiness
4) Strengths based and skill building
103
In which provinces/territories are offenders grouped based on gender identity and not anatomy
Ontario, BC and Yukon
104
Security threat group
3+ people in a gang in a prison
105
What was most common complaint received by the federal OCI
Healthcare. Healthcare in prisons is severely lacking, especially with a large portion of prison populations being 50 years+ in age. Prisoners have higher death rates and shortened life expectancy.
106
Interdiction strategies
Efforts to reduce use of illegal drugs, for example frequent searches.
107
Inmates housed in which kind of security are most likely to reoffend?
Higher security levels like max security
108
Authority of CO's is both ______ and ______
legal and moral (rehabilitate offenders and protect public)
109
What are the ranks a federal CO can have?
CX-01, CX-02, CX-03, CX-04
110
How much force are CO's allowed to use according to criminal code?
"As much force as necessary" to fulfill their roles and responsibilities
111
Engagement and intervention model
Introduced after Matthew Ryan Hines death. Requires CO's to balance physical and mental health of the inmate, security of the institution to provide a proportionate response and do risk assessment
112
When were women first hired as CO's
federal: 1984
provincial: 1970s
113
___% of federal correctional workers have PTSD
30
114
Critical incident stress debriefing (CISD)
1 on 1 debrief with mental health professionals following an incident to help and protect the CO. However, code and stigma may prevent CO's from getting support
115
Canada's incarceration rate in the past 10 years
It has declined 13.7% for non-Indigenous people in custody but increased 43.4% for Indigenous people.
116
What is the most devastating pain of imprisonment?
Loss of liberty. Also lack of status restoration ceremonies.
117
Two theories explaining why the inmate social system/subculture exists
Deprivation theory: the social system develops to mitigate the pains of imprisonment
Importation theory: develops because of pre-prison attitudes and behaviours brought by inmates into institutions
Integration model: combo of environmental features of an institution and attributes of offenders
118
Prisonization vs institutionalization
Prisonization: inmates becoming socialized into norms, values and culture of the prison
Institutionalized: when an inmate has become prisonized so much they can't function in the outside world
119
UN Mandela rules of treatment of prisoners
Solitary confinement when over 15 days is considered torture. People in solitary must be out of cell for 4 hours a day.
120
Section 84 of CCRA
Provides Indigenous communities opportunities to participate in parole hearings and propose a plan for offender reintegration
121
Throughcare
Continuity between institutional correctional programs and services during conditional release
122
Community based residential facilities
Operated by CSC or other agencies to house federal offenders re-entering community (could also be offenders on day parole)
123
Judicial recognizance (peace bond)
Requires mainly sex offenders to adhere to conditions beyond expiry of their sentence
124
Circles of support and accountability (COSA)
Community based committees that provide mentoring for high-risk sex offenders whose sentences have expired
