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Critical Victimology > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

What does Laurel Westbrook argue about homicides against Trans people?

A

If they are only framed as homicides we ignore the lead up of victimization often experiences, ignore how it fits into the larger trend of transphobia.

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2
Q

What percentage of crimes reported to police are homicide?

A

0.02%

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3
Q

What percentage of homicide victims and offenders are men?

A

victims 75% male, offenders 87% male

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4
Q

Who is most likely to be victims of homicidal intimate terrorism? By what rate?

A

Women 7x more likely

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5
Q

What proportion of homicide victims in 2021 were racialized people?

A

1/3 of victims, 38% higher than non-racialized people

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6
Q

How much higher is the rate of homicide for Indigenous people compared to non-Indigenous people?

A

6x

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7
Q

What were the early conceptions of family violence?

A

Wife battery, largely written off as corrective punishment for women by their husbands. Only acknowledged abuse towards women. Prohibition as the proposed solution.

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8
Q

Why are protections for children from abuse fairly new?

A

Children have historically not been seen as human persons in western civilization, not conceptualized as needing to have rights, therefore no framework for abuse.

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9
Q

What percentage of reported child-abuse is perpetuated by parents?

A

25%

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10
Q

What is the most common form of child abuse?

A

Neglect

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11
Q

Who is at the highest risk of parent perpetuated homicide?

A

Infants

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12
Q

Who faces more family violence, especially sexual assault?

A

Girls

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13
Q

What is the most common type of family violence perpetuated against children? (Police data)

A

Physical assault, 54% of all child and youth family violence victims.

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14
Q

What are child abuse regulations modeled after?

A

Animal abuse protections, there was a time where pets had more legal protections than kids.

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15
Q

What do some researchers argue is the most common type of family violence, although not widely considered as such?

A

Sibling abuse

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16
Q

What is IPV?

A

Physical or sexual violence between a victim and victimizer in a current or former intimate relationship.

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17
Q

What percentage of police-reported family violence is IPV?

A

50%

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18
Q

What is Intimate terrorism?

A

Physical and or sexual violence used as tactics with the explicit desire to control one partner.

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19
Q

Do same-sex partners have higher rates of IPV?

A

Yes, same-sex relationships makes up 5% of all partner homicides compared to only making up 1% of all relationships.

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20
Q

What is IPV used as ?

A

A tool to hold power over a victim.

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21
Q

What is Evan Stark’s (2017) analysis of IPV?

A

That violence against women is not an incident, but a structure of coercive control that works to maintain women in their position as second-class citizens.

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22
Q

What is Lenore Walkers’ Cycle of Abuse theory?

A

Presents four phases that make up the cycle of abusive relationships, says they will continue until the relationship ends. Tensions building -> incident -> reconciliation -> calm

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23
Q

What is learned helplessness?

A

Ambivalence by victims as a consequence of long-term exposure to violence, belief that they lack the ability to change their situation.

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24
Q

What is Lenore Walkers Battered Woman’s Syndrome? (1979)

A

A PTSD subcategory that develops from the cycle of violence. Constant fear and control even without violence, belief that violence is their fault.

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25
What is the relationship between victim's rights and due process?
They have been placed in opposition to each other
26
What are the pillars of Victim's rights?
Right to: - information - protection - participation - seek resitution
27
When did the Victim's bill of rights come into legislation?
2015
28
Who was Frank Carrington and what did he argue?
Founding father of crime victim's movement. Argued that through the efforts to respect civil rights, victims have been overlooked.
29
What did Wood observe about zero-tolerance charging?
That they have a racialized impact. Indigenous men are more likely to be charged with domestic violence whereas before it was White men.
30
What are victim impact statements?
Written statements that victims can prepare that describes the harm or loss suffered by the victim of an offence.
31
What are law reforms?
Named acts, laws or human rights principles that intervene in the state in the 'name of' a victim
32
What is crimmigration?
The legal treatment of civil rights violations, such as non-sanctioned migration, as criminal offences.
33
Most legal reforms are ___ and focused on ___.
Offender focused and focused on reacting rather than preventing.
34
What is net-widening? How is it applicable to this discussion?
The increased capture of people within webs of criminalization and punitive control. This can be a consequence of many pro-victim reforms.
35
Limits of victims rights efforts thus far:
- superficial - reactionary - lack analysis of broader victimizing structures - exacerbating marginalization - net-widening
36
What are the two main arguments of Critical Victimologists?
- victimization is not an objective phenomenon - the application or denial of the label is about power
37
What is the logic of elimination?
For settlers to use the land, Indigenous peoples need to be exterminated.
38
What do McGuire and Murdoch say about the logic of elimination?
That it didn't stop once colonizers stopped residential schools and intentionally killing Indigenous people. They see over-incarceration as a continuation of this.
39
How many provincially sentenced men and women report a history of violent victimization?
88% - men 84% - women
40
How many federally sentenced men and women report a history of violent victimization?
87% - men 95% - women
41
What is Nils Christie's theory of the crime control industry?
That criminal justice is an industry, just like any other. Crime is the material, demand comes from those who want security and the control is the product.
42
What is Loic Waquant's argument of divestment?
It doesn't reduce state spending it just shifts the expenses to crime control as a response to social problems.
43
Where does the criminalization of blackness stem from? (Maynard)
Criminalization of fugitive slaves.
44
What is state crime?
Illegal, socially injurious or unjust acts or omissions which are committed for the benefit of a state or its agencies, and not just for personal gain of some individual agent of the state.
45
What are state crime victims?
Individuals or groups of individuals who have experienced economic, cultural, or physical harm, pain, exclusion or exploitation because of tacit or explicit state actions or policies which violate late or generally defined human rights.
46
What are the general factors of state crime victims?
- not socially powerful - often blamed - rely on victimizer - easy targets for repeat offending
47
What is institutional abuse?
Harmful acts or inactions by caregivers or institutional agents to which children or other dependents are subjected
48
What is institutional betrayal?
Wrongdoing perpetuated by an institution upon individuals, including failure to prevent or respond supportively to wrongdoings by individuals.
49
What is DARVO?
An aggressive form on institutional betrayal. Deny, Attack, Reverse Victim and Offender.
50
What did Petoukhov analyze?
Application of Christie's ideal and non-ideal victim framework to victims of colonial violence.
51
What are Petoukhov's two main themes identified?
That lawyers and other government agents through the IAP act as gatekeepers that regulates access to victim status. These types of compensation models rationalize ongoing settler violence.
52
What were the agreements under IRSSA
- establishment of TRC - funds allocated for Aboriginal Healing Foundation - creation of IAP
53
Who were the key actors in the IAP procedure?
Survivors, adjudicators, lawyers, health and cultural support workers
54
What are the conflict logics of settler colonialism? Explain
Domination and Elimination
55
What are Strobl's concepts of designated and rejected victims?
Designated victims: people who are rewarded as victims whether or not they consider themselves victims. Rejected Victims: People who consider themselves victims but are not recognized as such by others.
56
What is green victimology?
Recognizes that many victims of environmental harm are victimized through activities that are not only non-criminal, but also actively state sanctioned and state promoted.
57
What is eco-centrism?
Perspective that the environment has inherent value apart from value for humans.
58
What is Slow Violence according to Nixon (2013)?
Describe how continued environmental degradation through deregulated capitalist extraction processes produces a build up of detrimental effects on people, populations and ecologies that amount to violence in their accumulation.
59
What is the risk of broadening victimization conceptions to animals and environments?
Risk losing complexity of context. Should it really be illegal for Indigenous people to subsistence hunt and fish, or for homeowners to cut down a tree that might fall on their house, or to kill a bug?
60
61
What does White (2018) tell us about non-human victims?
That an equal victimhood for all beings does not make sense, and instead a nuanced approach is needed to morally weight interests and harm within contexts.
62
What is environmental personhood?
Legally recognize the rights of the environment as immutable, intrinsic value of the environment outside of its relationship to humans.
63
What is symbiotic victimization and destruction?
Techniques of elimination or destruction that interfere not just with humans but their relationships to other than humans actors.
64
Why is the idea of resiliency important in CV? What can be considered through this frame?
Understand that victims are not passive or defined by their victimization event(s). Look at the way that victims and communities find their own power, grown, heal and resist.
65
What is trauma creep?
Victim narratives have become increasingly undifferentiated from trauma narratives. Everything becomes considered a trauma.
66
What are the three cognitive requirement for compassion? (Nussbaum, 2001)
- Belief that suffering is serious rather than trivial - belief that the person does not deserve the suffering - belief that the possibility of the person who experiences the emotion are similar to those of the sufferer
67
How does Garcia (2018) conceptualize compassion?
Politics of compassion - moving beyond pity into lasting collective action, enshrining compassion as a democratic value.
68
What are the main differences between Retributive justice, restorative justice and transformative justice?
- Retributive justice: crime is seen as a violation of the state - Restorative justice: crime is seen as a violation of one person by another - Transformative justice: Crime is seen as the conditions that cause suffering under oppression and inequality
69
How is victimization sorted by the GSS?
Violent victimization, theft of personal property, household victimization.
70
What percentage of Canadians reported being victims of a criminal offence in the past 12 months?
19%, 69% of those were non-violent, of those half were physical, 36% were sexual assaults.
71
Why does children underreport abuse?
- lack of the knowledge that what they're experiencing is wrong - fear of the abuser - lack access to trusted authority - dependence on adults
72
What are the most frequently cited reasons for reporting?
- arrest and punish offender - felt that it was their duty to notify police - to stop the incident or receive protection
73
What are contributing factors to wrongful convictions?
- Errors in eye witness identification - false confessions - problematic police investigative tactics - inducements to plead guilty
74
What are the layers of hate crime?
Mischief Public Incitement of Hatred Advocating for genocide
75
What is a false distinction between victims and non-victims?
The failure to understand that hate crimes are not just victimization against an individual but a religion/race/etc...
76
What are the challenges with charging for hate crimes?
- difficult to assess motive - hate provision make it so people can claim they were educating on an unknown truth - victims of hate are reluctant to self-identify - lack of understanding by police officers of what constitutes a hate crime
77
What is the most common motivating group for hate crimes?
Race or ethnicity (62%)
78
Environmental vs. ecological vs. species justice.
Victims is human Victims is a specific environment Victim is an animal or plant

Critical Victimology (2 decks)

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