Final Exam Flashcards
(45 cards)
What are the four levels of measurement?
Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, Ratio
What is a nominal variable? Give an example.
Categories without order. Hair color, gender
What is an ordinal variable? Give an example.
Ordered categories. Class rank, satisfaction scale
What is an interval variable? Give an example.
Ordered with equal intervals, no true zero. Temperature (°F)
What is a ratio variable? Give an example.
Ordered with equal intervals and true zero. Age, income, weight
What is the null hypothesis (H₀)?
A statement that there’s no significant difference or relationship between two or more groups or variables.
What does a p-value represent?
The probability the results happened by chance if H₀ is true.
When is a result considered statistically significant?
When p < .05
What is the purpose of an experiment?
To test cause-and-effect relationships.
What are strengths of surveys?
Cost-effective, reach large samples, quick data.
What are limitations of surveys?
Bias, limited depth, no causation.
Difference between parametric and nonparametric tests?
Parametric assumes normality; nonparametric does not.
What order do you write a quantitative reports in?
Abstract, introduction, literature review, method, results, discussion
In which step of a quantitative report do you analyze the data?
Results
Is survey research typically inductive or deductive?
Deductive
What is validity in research?
Accuracy.
What is reliability in research?
Consistency.
How do researchers ensure validity and reliability?
Pilot tests, clear protocols, using established tools.
What is a independent t-test?
Compares two diffrent groups.
What is a paired t-test?
Compares the same group at two times.
When do you use ANOVA
to compare means of 3 or more.
What does regression analysis do?
It examines the relationship between independent and dependent variables.
What are measures of central tendency?
Mean, median, mode.
What are measures of dispersion?
Range, variance, standard deviation.
