Final Exam Flashcards
(145 cards)
1
Q
Goals of treatment =
A
reduce re-offending
2
Q
education programs target the _______ ________ risk factors
A
Central 8 risk factors
3
Q
nearly __,____ juvis are confined in various facilities on a given day
A
50,000
4
Q
total youth in residential placement by year has overall ___________
A
decreased
5
Q
all races have decreased in juvenile residential placement
true or false
A
True
6
Q
What facility holds juvis awaiting trial?
A
detention center
7
Q
A short term facility that screens youth to figure out which facility is the best fit
A
Reception / diagnostic center
8
Q
What is the most common facility youth are transferred to?
A
training facility, long term secure facility
9
Q
Characteristics:
– Can hold up to hundreds of youths
■ Most hold between 20 -200 youth
– Moderate-high security: razor wire fences, handcuffs, solitary
confinement
– 96% have one or more security features
What type of facility is this?
A
training school/ long term secure facility
10
Q
Focuses on individual treatment plans for all youth x residential care
■ Long-term facilities
– Most are locked facilities, like training schools/long-term
■ Some are non-secure facilities (no locked rooms)
■ Difference between these are training schools: more emphasis on
individualized treatment
– Some will focus on a particular issue (i.e., substance abuse)
What kind of facility is this?
A
Residential treatment center
11
Q
Long-term secure facilities
– Like residential treatment or long-term secure but less restrictive
■ Offers more contact with facility
■ Examples: ranches, forestry camps, wilderness/marine programs, and
farms
■ Started in 1950s/1960s to offer more rehab options
■ 5,000 youth a year go through these
■ Usually used for delinquent youth, but others sent there by parents
what kind is this?
A
wilderness treatment
12
Q
A long-term facility, youth have extensive contact with the
community, such as attending school or holding a job
■ Home-based setting with 5-15 youth (sentenced to these facilities)
– Typically those who are delinquent but also had issues with
abuse/neglect
– Had prior involvement with system
– Male, older juveniles (15-17 years old)
■ Staff-secured not locked facilities
What kind is this?
A
Group home
13
Q
Facility for youth after they are released from long-term secure or
residential treatment to ease back into society
■ Low to medium security facilities
– Provide treatment, job assistance, educational programming
A
halfway house
14
Q
Youth are also housed in ____ prison facilities
– Sometimes in separate wings, sometimes not
■ These facilities range from low to maximum security
– Low security = less restriction on movements
– Maximum security = locked cell doors, solitary confinement,
restricted movement
what kind is this?
A
adult prisons
15
Q
__% of facilities are at or over their capacity
A
20
16
Q
Nearly __ _______ juveniles confined in various facilities on a given day
– This is 60% fewer youth than in 2000
A
50,000
17
Q
List the eight (8) types of facilities discussed for juvis:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
A
1 Detention centers:
2 Long term secure:
3 Adult prisons and jails
4 Residential treatment:
5Group Homes:
6 Reception/diagnostic centers:
7 Ranch / wilderness camps:
8 Halfway house:
18
Q
Difference between residential treatment centers and training schools (long-term secure facilities)
A
more emphasis on
individualized treatment
– Some will focus on a particular issue (i.e., substance abuse)
Focuses on individual treatment plans for all youth x residential care
19
Q
Most youth are in restrictive, correctional style facilities
– Sometimes indistinguishable from adult prisons
t or f?
A
true!
20
Q
Most facilities are “locked” (__%)
A
92%
21
Q
__-__% also use handcuffs, straightjackets, or placing youth in a
locked room for 4+ hours
A
40-50%
22
Q
more than __ % of facilities hold 50 or more residents
A
50%
23
Q
/ hold youth for longer than a month; __% over 6
months; _% over a year
A
2/3; 24%; 8%
24
Q
A good mix of public and private facilities
– >__% publicly owned
■ Held __% of all juveniles
– <__% privately owned
A
50%
70%
50%
25
Some states ONLY have p_____facilities:
– DC, Rhode Island
private
26
Group homes more likely to be _______ run
privately
27
Training schools/residential treatment more likely to be s______ run
state
28
__ % of facilities are at or over their capacity
– Rely on makeshift beds
20%
29
overcrowding is:
More common in publicly run facilities
Larger facilities more likely to be overcrowded
t or f?
t
30
_/_ of all facilities report using mechanical restraints (handcuffs) on
juveniles
– Most common in training centers (__%)
¼
72%
31
_/_ use isolation/solitary confinement (4+ hours)
– Most common in detention centers/training schools (~__%)
1/5
50%
32
Between 2009 – 2010: __ youth died in custody
– _ of those __died by suicide
– None died by h__________
11; 5 of those 11
homicide
33
High levels of safety: only about __% of juveniles feel unsafe in the
facilities
– But >__% have experienced theft or violence while in placement
– _/__ experienced sexual victimization
17%
50%
1/10
34
most facilities screen youth for educational
needs and all have educational programming
t or f?
True!
35
Most juveniles in facilities have unmet p_____ and m_______ health
needs
physical:
mental health
36
Most youth did ____ have services prior to confinement
NOT
37
makeup of youth in placement (any)
__% male, __% female
85% male, 15% female
38
Mostly black youth (42%) make up the total youth in placement
t or f?
True!
39
__% of youth have gang affiliation
31
40
70% have a history of “something bad happening to them”, 67% seen
someone killed/injured
41
__% history of prior abuse
30%
42
_/_ youth in placement have been offered drugs or other contraband
while in confinement
1/6
43
Separate _______ facilities for American Indian youth on reservations
■ Mostly owned/operated by the _______ it represents (sometimes run by the federal government)
■ Hold fewer juveniles than non-________facilities
Tribal!
44
Most are locked facilities—they lock juveniles in their rooms either at
night or when they are unruly
– Few use solitary confinement or mechanical restraints
■ Most provide a wide range of services for youth (and nearly all screen
for risk)
– Substance abuse
– Mental health
– Education
This particular one is off the beaten path....
tribal facilities
45
Juvenile justice facilities are
focused on _____________
rehabilitation
46
– Risk assessment tools
– Repeat assessment of youth
these are two examples of : evidence-______ ap______
evidence-based approach
47
Residential Positive Achievement Change Tool (RPACT)
this is the risk assessment during placement
t or f?
T
48
PACT is is after arrest, initial assessment
t or f?
T
49
What are the central eight (8) risk factors?
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
1) History of antisocial behavior
2) antisocial personality pattern
3) antisocial cognition
4) antisocial attitudes
5) family and / or marital discord
6) poor school and or work performance
7) few leisure or recreation activities
8) substance abuse
50
Staff utilize three pieces of info to perform risk assessment:
1)
2)
3)
1) Youths’ responses to questions, 2) youths’ records,
3) family-provided info
51
Some states may re-administer risk assessment throughout
confinement too
– Every __-___ days
■ Monitors progress
■ Allows for further tailoring of services
30-60
52
Principles for effective
interventions
■ 1.
■ 2.
■ 3.
■ 1. Program integrity/fidelity
■ 2. Risk-Needs-Responsivity
– Risk principle: targeting those with the greatest risk
– Need principle: identifying criminal needs
– Responsivity principle: providing tailored services
■ 3. Treatment modality
53
Fidelity includes:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Fidelity includes:
1) Whether staff are appropriately trained
2) Whether youth are receiving the appropriate dosage of the treatment
3) Whether youth are being monitored
4) Whether youth “buy in” to the program
5) Whether the program is operating how it should
54
RNR model (risk, needs, responsivity) was developed for __________
juveniles
55
The RNR model argues that programs will be effective if we
ide_____, targ____, and tr___ing the causes of crime
identifying,
targeting
treating
56
Identification of the criminogenic needs/risks
Which part of RNR is this?
NEEDS
57
Providing treatment to the most risky/needy
which part of RNR is this?
RISK
58
Tailoring treatment
which part of RNR is this?
RESPONSIVITY
59
refers to the method used to treat an offender
what is this?
treatment modality
60
Research finds that certain types of treatments are most effective:
– Ones that focus on beh_________ int__________
– Ones that focus on teaching the youth ______
– Ones that are __________ (programs that focus on more than one service)
behavioral intervention
skills
multimodal
61
(programs that focus on more than one service)
these types of programs are what we call : M___-m____L
multi-modal
62
Needs =
Risk =
Responsivity =
fidelity =
modality =
Needs = what
Risk = who
Responsivity = how
fidelity = how well
modality = by
63
targets criminogenic needs to reduce risk of recidivism
NEEDS
64
deliver more intense interventions to higher risk offenders
RISK
65
use approaches that match the style of the offender
Responsivity
66
deliver treatment as designed
fidelity
67
Adjudicated youth are _-_x more likely to have special education
needs than students in the community
4-5X more likely
68
Texas: kids are _-_ years below grade level
4 to 5 years below
69
EVERY child is legally mandated to receive _______ in juvenile
facilities
education
70
Education programs do not operate on a 9-month schedule
– Offered year round
■ Why?
due to a continues influx of kids who commit crimes
71
Upon admission, all youth take the T____ of A_____ B____ E_________n
(TABE) to determine their education levels
test of adult basic education
72
__________ programs target the central 8 risk factors
education
73
Kids in solitary confinement do __ attend school while in there
NOT
74
Many juvenile offenders have s_______ ed________ needs
– Many would have ________ ________ _____ (IEPs)
■ Essentially a plan for kids with special education needs
– Gives them extra support
Special education needs;
individualized education plans
75
Adult facilities un_____ to have IEPs
■ Great disservice to youth
unlikely
76
department of education and justice:
within their five guidelines for high-quality edu, they say that the "___________ needs of the youth" including those with disabilities and english learners are the things that need to be "addressed" in classrooms
individual
77
kids must receive ________ in DETENTION
education
78
The problem with edu in detentions?
– Kids spend a very short period of time in detention (maybe only a
day or two)
■ Might not be enough time to get records transferred
■ Might not be enough time to get placed into the appropriate courses
■ Might not be enough time to learn anything
■ If constantly in and out of jail/school, very disconnected education
79
Alternative schools
– Texas: J______ J______ Alt_________ Ed_______ Pr___m (30 in Texas)
■ Special school for kids who are court ordered to go to school, have been expelled from school for on- or off-campus activities
Juvenile Justice Alternative Education Program (30 in Texas)
80
Special school for kids who are court ordered to go to school, have been expelled from school for on- or off-campus activities
Hint: J J A E P
Juvenile Justice Alternative Education Program (30 in Texas)
81
Drop out rates are much ______ among juvenile offenders
higher
82
about _/_ of youth participate in Vocational training
1/5
83
there is very little data on vocational training in juvi
t or f?
True
84
__-__% of confined youth have at least 1 mental health issue
– >__% have more than one
50-70%
greater than 50%
85
_/_ of youth have a substance abuse issue
1/3
86
the majority of facilities screen youth for mental health and substance abuse issues as well as suicide risk upon entry to facility
t or f?
True!
87
most facilities screen within _ week of admission
one (1)
88
Variation in the availability for MH treatment
– Detention facilities less likely to have treatment (__-__%)
15-25%
89
Examples of distorted thinking
■ Immature or developmentally arrested thoughts
■ Poor problem solving and decision making
■ An inability to consider the effects of one's behavior
■ An egocentric viewpoint with a negative view or lack of trust in other people
■ A hampered ability to reason and accept blame for wrongdoing
■ A mistaken belief of entitlement, including an inability to delay gratification,
confusing wants and needs, and ignoring the rights of other people
■ A tendency to act on impulse, including a lack of self-control and empathy
■ An inability to manage feelings of anger
■ The use of force and violence as a means to achieve goals
90
the three (3) offender thought processes:
1)
2)
3)
1)
Offenders view aggression or anger as an acceptable means of
reacting to threats to their person or environment
2)
Offenders view crime as an acceptable means of making money—they are able to justify selling drugs (i.e., I need to feed my family)
or theft (i.e., the big corporation won’t be missing this money anyway)
3)
Offenders also have histories of trauma and abuse that affect their
behavior
91
CBT focuses on giving offenders the tools to re-_____ their past,
current experiences, and how they react to experiences
re-frame
92
Steps of CBT:
1) ID
2) Become a___
3) ID
4) re-sh_____
1. Identify the problems/situations your life (i.e., parent left me as a
child)
2. Become aware of your thoughts, emotions, and beliefs about
these problems (i.e., I’m unworthy/my parent did not love me)
3. Identify negative or inaccurate thinking
4. Reshape your negative/inaccurate thinking (i.e., my parent left
because they have their own problem
93
CBT often involves "______"
homework
94
CBT in juvenile facilities
– Often in a _____ setting
– Taught by ___-______ psychologists/correctional staff
– Used for both juvenile and adult prisoner
group;
non-licensed
95
CBT is m____ effective for juvies
MOST
96
CBT can ________recidivism by 25-35%
reduce
97
FFT is Most often used for youth on ________ supervision (Pro_____n)
community supervision;
probation
98
FFT is:
____-term intervention (8-12 session over 3 months), targets youth ages __ to __
short-term
11-18 years old
99
focuses on behavioral change
– Determine family needs
– Develop plan
– Continue to build bonds
– Work on parenting skills
which of the three (3) phases of FFT is this?
Middle phase
100
focuses on engagement and motivation of family. This
focuses on building a foundation so that the therapy might work
– Increase motivation for change
– Reduce negativity in family
– Increase family bonds
which of the three (3) phases of FFT is this?
Early phase
101
focuses on making sure that family
relationships sustain positive changes
– Identify community resources that can support change
which of the three (3) phases of FFT is this?
Late phase
102
FFT can reduce recidivism by between
___-___%
20-65%
103
MST (multi-systemic therapy) Treatment lasts _ months—about __ hours of face-to-face interventions
4 months;
60 hours
104
MST is HIGHLY s______ed
structured
105
MST is h______ effective at reducing recidivism
highly
106
how well is the program “sticking to the plan” or the curriculum as its
set forth
o Example: if a 3rd grade math class skipped entirely over long division, that
math curriculum would score low on adherence since long division is a key
part of math.
adherence
107
how often a youth is receiving the program/intervention and for how
long.
o Example: if education programs are only being offered 3 days a week, that
program is probably not meeting the markers of exposure since education
programs should be offered 5 days a week
Exposure
108
is the quality being delivered by individuals with credentials? Do
the staff have positive attitudes?
o Example: if education classes are being run by certified teachers, they would
have good delivery quality
delivery quality
109
is the youth “buying in” to the treatment? Do they have a
positive attitude towards the program? Do they appear open to change?
o Example: if youth just sit in a math class and throw all assignments onto the
ground and sleep during class, participant engagement would be low
Participant engagement
110
is the program being applied consistently over time to
different cohorts of youth?
o Example: for education programs, if youth who entered juvenile facilities in
2020 received 5 days of classes and youth who entered in 2021 received only
4 days of classes, the program differs over time and thus would have issues
with program differentiation
program differentiation
111
DMC
Disproportionate Minority contact
112
Youth of color are over-represented in the JJS, particularly in decision
points that are the most _______
– Examples: transfer to the adult system, incarceration
serious
113
Disparities are ___ equal across the nation
They are higher in areas with a ________ percentage of youth of color
NOT equal;
great percentage
114
the juvi justice crime rate has gone DOWN more than __% for VIOLENT CRIMES in 2019
20%
115
in new orleans, more than 95% of youth arrested are ______
black
116
Juvi arrest rate has gone down by more than ___% for non-violent crimes in 2019
30%
117
Racial gap in incarceration in Texas (black v. white) narrowed by __%
between 2015-2019, but still exists
20%
118
black youth are _X more times likely to be incarcertaed than white
4x
119
Racial/ethnic disparities often accumulate with deeper system
involvement
– “As youth proceed through the system, disparate treatment at
later stages builds upon disparity at early stages—disparity at
detention builds upon disparity at referral to court, which builds
upon disparity at arrest.”
■ OJJDP, 2014, p. 175
T or F?
True
120
DMC is ____ new
NOT
121
In the states, what is the minimum age of crime federally?
There is none!
122
We use incarceration and waive m____ than any other country
more
123
Not every country has a ________ system
juvenile
124
overall, there are Similar crime and incarceration trends between countries
t or f?
True!
125
Age of adult court jurisdiction
■ Most countries set __
– This is true for the US
18
126
Scotland has __ waiver
NO
127
Variation across countries, but major themes exist
■ Mostly focused on fairness in sentencing and what is in the “best
interests of the child”
– Restorative justice programs
– Handling cases informally
which country spotlight is this?
European countries
128
Germany handles __% of cases informally (including young adults)
70%
129
_______ will take into account that brain is not fully developed at 20 and will treat them differently
germans
130
Our adult court system modeled after UK system, but juvenile system
is different
■ Age of responsibility is 10, youth can be sent to a special Youth Court
– This court is a juvenile version of the regular adult court
■ Slightly less formal procedures
■ Open court
which country spotlight is this?
England and wales
131
In E_____ and W_____, anyone over 10 can be prosecuted in the adult court from the outset
England and wales
132
In E______ and W____, Children younger than 10 can be brought to the Family Proceedings
Court
– In that court, can be sentenced to community supervision
England and Wales
133
Age of responsibility is 14
– Under 14 handled informally
– Youth between 14-17 handled in special youth court
■ Very informal, closed court
■ NO youth between 14-17 can be waived to the adult court system
– No matter how serious the case
WHICH country spotlight is this?
germany
134
_______ adult courts sentence young adults 18-20 like juveniles
– Under recognition that brain is still _______
German;
developing
135
Age of responsibility = 15
– Under that age, youth handled by child welfare organizations
■ No separate juvenile court, no mechanism for waiver
– Everyone over 15 handled in adult court
– If 15-18, still oversight by child welfare and any sentence involves
them
which country spotlight is this?
Scaninavian countires
136
In Scandinavian countries, Judges sentence 15 – 20 years less severely than adults – Use of imprisonment for those under __ is rare
21
137
_____ didnt have a juvi justice system until the 1930s, stunted, re-instated in 1980s
China
138
■ Police first try to focus on counseling youth who are involved in
delinquency and offer guidance/treatment
■ Youth can be brought to special Family Court until 20 years old
– Closed session
– Operates differently than adults
■ Before 14 and 20: can be handled in the adult court system
which country?
Japan
139
In _____, Police first try to focus on counseling youth who are involved in delinquency and offer guidance/treatment
Japan
140
in Japan, before 14 and 20 ____ be handled in adult court system
CAN
141
■ Juvenile justice system handles anyone under 18
■ India has very specific rules of procedures for how juvenile cases will
be handled
– Seems to be standardized across all courts
– Made very explicit by the Juvenile Justice Act 2000
■ India focuses on non-incarcerative sentences as much as possible
– Incarceration can only be given for youth over 14
which country spotlight is this?
India
142
Most ____ _______ countries have a separate juvenile justice system
with separate rules, courts, and procedures
– They have diversion mechanisms
– Handles youth between 12/14 years old to 18 years old
– Emphasis on non-incarcerative sentences
■ Have limits on how long youth can serve if under 18 (2-5 years)
– Restorative justice programs
which country?
Latin america
143
Texas Juvenile Justice Department (TJJD) has hired TCU researchers to survey treatment
providers in residential placement facilities about their mental health treatment. Part of
this survey is asking youth and the providers whether they are committed to the treatment
being offered. These questions are designed, in part, to measure:
A. The fidelity of the program
B. Whether the program reduced recidivism
C. Whether the program meets the needs principle of the RNR model
D. Whether this program meets the responsivity principle of the RNR model
which is it?
A, fidelity
144
T/F: There are federal standards for education in juvenile facilities
A. True
B. False
True
145
