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Psych 242 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Demographers

A

people who study population trends

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2
Q

Longevity

A

the number of years a person can expect to live

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3
Q

Average Life Expectancy

A

the age at which half of the people born in a particular year will die in the united states

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4
Q

Useful life expectancy

A

the number of years a person lives without a debilitating chronic disease in which the person depends on others for care

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5
Q

Maximum life expectancy

A

the oldest age to which any person lives

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6
Q

Programmed Theories

A

suggest that aging is programmed into genetic code via programmed cell death

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7
Q

Wear-and-tear theory

A

suggests that the body gradually deteriorates over time due to accumulated damage from daily activities, environmental stressors, and biological processes

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8
Q

Cellular theories

A

point to aging at the cellular level (number of cell divisions)

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9
Q

Free radicals

A

highly reactive chemicals produced randomly in normal metabolism

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10
Q

Neurofibrillary tangles

A

spiral-shaped masses in the brain that are formed when fibers of the axon become twisted together, which interfere with the neuron’s ability to transmit information down the axon

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11
Q

Neuritic plaques

A

damaged or defective neurons that form around a core of protein

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12
Q

Stroke, or cerebral vascular accident (CVA)

A

interruption of the blood flow in the brain due to blockage or a hemorrhage in a cerebral artery

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13
Q

Transient ischemic attack (TIA)

A

the brief interruption of blood flow to the brain; often an early warning sign of stroke

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14
Q

Vascular Dementia

A

a disease caused by numerous small cerebral vascular accidents

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15
Q

Cataracts

A

opaque spots on the lens that limit the amount of light transmitted

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16
Q

Psychomotor speed or reaction time

A
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17
Q

Working memory

A

the processes and structures involved in holding and using information in problem solving, decision making, and learning

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18
Q

Implicit memory

A

is unconscious and automatic memory about previously learned information, as seen in one’s behavior or reactions

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19
Q

Explicit memory

A

conscious and deliberate memory for previously learned information

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20
Q

Episodic memory

A

recalling information about the world tied to a specific time or event (this includes autobiographical memory, memory for events that occur during one’s life)

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21
Q

Semantic memory

A

remembering the meaning of words and concepts

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22
Q

External aids

A

memory aids that rely on environmental resources, such as notebooks and calendars

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23
Q

Internal aids

A

memory aids that rely on mental processes, such as imagery

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24
Q

Dysphoria

A

feeling sad or down

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25
Behavior therapy
type of therapy based on the notion that people with depression experience too few rewards or reinforcements from their environment
26
Cognitive therapy
type of therapy based on the idea that maladaptive beliefs or cognitions about oneself are responsible for depression
27
Dementia
a family of diseases involving serious impairment of behavioral and cognitive functioning and some form of permanent damage to the brain
28
Alzheimer's disease
marked by gradual declines in memory, attention, and judgment; confusion as to time and place; difficulties in communicating; decline in self-care skills; inappropriate behavior; and personality changes, is the most common form of dementia
29
Incontinence
the loss of control of bladder or bowels
30
Parkinson's disease
a brain disease known primarily for its characteristic motor symptoms: very slow walking, difficulty getting into and out of chairs, and a slow hand tremor, but it can develop into a form of dementia. It is caused by deteriorating dopamine production in the brain
31
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)
a form of dementia caused by repeated head trauma such as concussions
32
Successful aging
growing old by avoiding disease, being engaged with life, and maintaining high cognitive and physical functioning and competence
33
Continuity theory
suggests that as people grow older, they tend to maintain their habits, behaviors, and relationships from earlier in life
34
Competence
the upper limit of physical health and ego strength; it includes sensory-perceptual, motor, and cognitive skills
35
Environmental press
the physical, interpersonal, or social demands of the environment
36
Adaption level
the point at which the press level is average for a particular level of competence
37
Integrity versus despair
last stage of Erikson's stages of development
38
Life review
reflecting on the experiences and events of one's lifetime
39
Subjective well-being
the positive feelings that can result from certain life evaluations
40
Spiritual support
seeking pastoral care, faith in a God who cares for people, participation in organized/nonorganized religious activities
41
Social convoy
a group of people who journey with us throughout our lives, providing support in good and bad times
42
Socioemotional selectivity
argues that social contact is motivated by a variety of goals, including information seeking, self-concept, and emotional regulation, that are important at different times in life
43
Frail older adults
older adults who have physical disabilities, are very ill, or have cognitive and/or psychological disorders that require daily assistance
44
Activities of daily living (ADLs)
basic self-care tasks such as eating, bathing, toileting, walking, and dressing
45
Instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs)
actions that require some intellectual competence and planning
46
Functional health
a person's ability to perform daily activities and maintain well-being despite potential health challenges. It focuses on how well the body and mind function, rather than just the presence or absence of disease
47
Sense of place
cognitive and emotional attachments that a person puts on their place of residence, by which a “house” is made into a “home
48
Assisted living facilites
best for those with ADL or IADL limitations, but whose physical or cognitive impairments do not require 24-hour care
49
Nursing home
long-term care facilities that provide 24/7 medical care
50
Thanatology
the study of death, dying, grief, bereavement, and social attitudes toward these issues
51
Clinical death
the lack of heartbeat and respiration
52
Whole-brain death
declared only when the deceased meets eight criteria, three primary signs are permanent: irreversible loss of all function, brainstem reflexes not working, and breathing stopped.
53
Persistent vegetative state
the irreversible lack of cortical functioning, but continued brainstem activity
54
Bioethics
the study of interface between human values and technological advances in the health and life sciences
55
Euthanasia
the practice of ending life for reasons of mercy
56
Active euthanasia
the deliberate ending of a person’s life that may be based on a clear statement of the person’s wishes or be a decision made by someone else who has the legal authority to do so
57
Passive euthanasia
allowing a person to die by withholding available treatment
58
Physician-assisted suicide
a procedure in which a physician provides a dying person with a fatal dose of medication that the individual self-administers
59
Terror management theory
addresses why people engage in certain behaviors to achieve particular psychological states based on their deeply rooted concerns about mortality
60
Final scenario
a way for people to make their choices known about how they do and do not want their lives to end
61
Hospice
assists dying people by emphasizing pain management, or palliative care, and death with dignity
62
Palliative care
focused on providing relief from pain and other symptoms of disease at any point during the disease process
63
Living will
document in which a person states their wishes about life support and other treatments and interventions
64
Do not resuscitate (DNR) order
forbids medical personnel from initiating cardiopulmonary resuscitation if one's heart and breathing stop
65
Bereavement
a period of mourning or state of intense grief, especially after the death of a loved one
66
Grief
feelings of sorrow, hurt, anger, guild, and confusion after a loss
67
Mourning
the way grief is expressed, more like the rituals and actions than grief itself
68
Grief work
the psychological side of coming to terms with bereavement
69
Anniversary reaction
refers to changes in behavior related to feelings of sadness on the annual date of a loved-one's death
70
Grief work as rumination hypothesis
suggests that excessive grief processing can actually function as rumination, potentially increasing distress rather than alleviating it
71
Dual-process model (DPM)
describes how people navigate grief by oscillating between two types of coping mechanisms: Loss-Oriented Coping – This involves confronting the grief directly, reminiscing, yearning, and processing emotions related to the loss. Restoration-Oriented Coping – This focuses on adapting to life after the loss, engaging in new activities, and managing practical changes.
72
Complicated or prolonged grieg disorder
is an expression of grief that includes two types of distress that distinguish this disorder from normal grief and depression
73
Separation distress
includes isolation; preoccupation with, upsetting memories of, longing for the deceased to the point of interfering with everyday functioning
74
Traumatic distress
occurs when a loss is sudden, unexpected, or deeply distressing, making it harder for someone to process their emotions in a healthy way. Unlike typical grief, traumatic grief can lead to prolonged distress, intrusive thoughts, and even symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Psych 242 (4 decks)

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