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Speech Science > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

(102 cards)

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1
Q

Explain the results of the 2nd formant frequency experiments:

A

People must use place of articulation when they are hearing sounds

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2
Q

what is the physical measurement of pitch?

A

fundamental frequency

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3
Q

___ frequency sounds can bend around objects (including our head)

A

low

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4
Q

Circle one. A wave has the following frequency components: 150 Hz, 450 Hz, 750 Hz and 1050 Hz. What type of wave is this?
A. Simple periodic wave
B. Complex periodic wave
C. Complex aperiodic wave

A

C. complex aperiodic wave

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5
Q

Muscles used for inhalation in that type of breathing

Contraction of the diaphragm muscle and external intercostal muscle

A

thoracic

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6
Q

Match the sound with its description.
A sonorant with a periodic source and a dynamic filter

/i/, /m/, /s/, /d/, /w/

A

/w/

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7
Q

Fill in the blank. This is the total amount of air that can be inhaled and exhaled: ______ ________

A

vital capacity

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8
Q

What frequency regions are best to hear sound in?

A

1000-4000 Hz at 70 dB SPL

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9
Q

tool to measure physical loudness

A

sound level meter

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10
Q

the ear canal acts as an open-tube ______

A

resonator

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11
Q

what theory is it where the brain has a specific location that decodes speech production?

A

motor theory

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12
Q

The basilar membrane can be thought to be divided into 35 ________ _____ along its length.

A

critical bands

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13
Q

what theory is it where the brain automatically links articulator gestures to the sounds they go with?

A

direct realism theory

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14
Q

Fill in the blank. This is the percent vital capacity in your lungs when you relax your torso. We rarely speak below this level _________________________

A

resting expiratory level (38-40% VC)

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15
Q

The frequency scale is usually _________ in the minimal audible field

A

logarithmic

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16
Q

what are the two reasons contributing to the most sensitive region of hearing (1000-5000 Hz)?

A

1 external auditory meatus (i.e., ear canal)
2. ossicular chain

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17
Q

We are still able to perceive the vowel correctly despite these differences in articulatory gesture and acoustic output. This is called ________________.

A

speaker normalization

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18
Q

tool to measure perceptual loudness

A

listener responses to sounds

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19
Q

______ is the quality difference between two sounds with the same frequency and loudness. 

A

Timbre

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20
Q

what interaural cue is showing how much energy the sound has at each ear?

A

interaural level differences

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21
Q

Which part of the vocal folds are not touching when you whisper?
A. Membranous vocal folds are not touching
B. Cartilaginous vocal folds are not touching
C. Both the membranous and cartilaginous vocal folds are touching when you whisper
D. Neither the membranous nor the cartilaginous vocal folds are touching when you whisper

A

B. cartilaginous vocal folds are not touching

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22
Q

Explain the results of the voice onset time experiments:

A

People must use the acoustic signal when they are hearing sounds

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23
Q

There is a lot of variation in _______. An example of this is ________

A

context
coarticulation

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24
Q

T/F The nerve does not fire the same number of time per seconds as the frequency.

A

False
The nerve fires the same number of time per seconds as the frequency

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25
unit of measure for perceptual loundess
varies
26
The resonant frequency (the frequency that can vibrate with the maximum energy) of the external auditory meatus is
3300 Hz
27
what theory(s) is it where people perceive the acoustic signal of sounds?
auditory theory
28
Muscles used for inhalation in that type of breathing Contraction of the diaphragm muscle and the accessory chest and shoulder muscles
clavicular
29
___ frequencies, the pressure wave has the most amplitude at the ___ of the basilar membrane. 
low apex
30
T/F The ear can more precisely identify lower frequencies
True
31
what interaural cue is more helpful with lower frequency sounds?
interaural time dfiferences
32
When _________ is focused on one sound, you can follow that sound, even though other input is coming in
attention
33
Males, females, and children have different vocal tract _________.
lengths
34
The same speaker also produces the same vowel with different formant frequencies depending on ______.
context
35
Select all of the muscles of inhalation - External intercostal muscles - Chest and should muscles - Internal intercostal muscles - Abdominal muscles - Diaphragm
External intercostal muscles chest and shoulder muscles diaphragm
36
Which word will likely have the stop consonant with the longest voice onset time? A. /ækæ/ B. /æbæ/ C. /æfæ/ D. /æzæ/
A
37
what theory is it where the brain has a general region that decodes all sounds and uses other cues too?
auditory theory
38
Write the letter of the correct choice on each of the two lines: Each choice will only be used one. The _______ contracts to control the ACTIVE tension of the vocal folds and the ________ contractions to control the PASSIVE tension of the vocal folds. A. Lateral cricoarytenoid muscle B. Interarytentoid muscle C. Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle D. Vocalis muscle E. Cricothyroid muscle
D & E
39
Muscles used for inhalation in that type of breathing Diaphragm muscle contraction with relaxation of the abdominal muscles
abdominal
40
Humans can detect smaller differences in pitch when the tones are presented for ______________
longer intervals
41
_______________: for an individual listener and a sound of specified frequency under specified conditions, the minimum change in sound pressure level and frequency that is just noticed as a change in loudness. 
difference limens
42
Match the sound with its description. A consonant with a periodic source and a static filter /i/, /m/, /s/, /d/, /w/
/m/
43
The ossicular chain has a resonant frequency (is able to vibrate with maximum energy) between
1000-1500 Hz
44
using models, ideas, and expectations to interpret sensory
Top-down processing
45
T/F Different physical locations in the basilar membrane are maximally activated by different frequencies. This helps with pitch perception from around ______ Hz up to and beyond _____ Hz
True 300-500 Hz 5000 Hz
46
what theory(s) is it where people perceive articulatory positions or gestures?
motor theory & direct realism (only gestures)
47
The unit of measure on an audiogram is _____ 
dB HL
48
The acoustic cues used for phoneme perception for consonants: -The ______ that follows the consonant is required to perceive the correct consonant. - The _____ _______ are used to perceive the consonants.
vowel formant transitions
49
Match the sound with its description. A vowel with a periodic source and a static filter /i/, /m/, /s/, /d/, /w/
/i/
50
There is a lot of speaker ________. Examples of this include;
-variability -anatomical differences, dialect/accents, articulation disorders or motor speech disorders
51
A ___________will activate ________critical bands along the length of the basilar membrane.
complex tone multiple
52
What are the 3 different theories discussed from the two types of experiments for speech perception?
1. Motor theory 2. Auditory theory 3. Direct realism
53
for minimal audible field 0 dB SPL = __µPa
20 µPa
54
Studies have been done to determine the softest loudness level people can hear ____ ______ at different frequencies. 
pure tones
55
The vital capacity is made up of the: a. Residual volume + expiratory reserve volume b. Inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume c. Inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + expiratory reserve volume d. Residual volume + inspiratory reserve volume +tidal volume + expiratory reserve
C
56
The nerve fibers in the region activated by the input frequency fire (send their signal up the nervous system) at the same time as peak of the _______________
input waveform
57
Circle all that are true. If you are speaking very loudly, what parts of the vocal fold tissue are in vibration? A. Cover B. Ligament C. Body
A, B, C
58
The _______ is a tube of muscles and tendons that can be lengthened and shortened and widened and narrowed by the contraction of muscles in and around it.
Pharynx
59
Humans can detect smaller differences in pitch when the ________________ of the tones is higher
presentation level
60
what interaural cue helps us with when the sound gets to each ear
interaural time differences
61
Match the sound with its description. A consonant with a periodic + aperiodic source and a dynamic filter /i/, /m/, /s/, /d/, /w/
/d/
62
Fill in both blanks with a word (not a formula) given the two formulas for frequency we have learned in this section, _____ and ________ are both inversely related to frequency.
Wavelength and period
63
What are the 2 methods of study for speech perception and explain their differences:
1. categorical perception - which sound is it? 2. discrimination perception - are the sounds the same or different?
64
Pick all that are true: Which statements about molecules of air at rest are true? a. The molecules are equally spaced b. The molecules are not moving at all c. The molecules have mass d. The molecules have elasticity e. The molecules gather into regions of high pressure and regions of low pressure
A, C, D
65
A constriction placed near the velum will ___________ the second resonant frequency A. Increase B. Decrease
A. Increase
66
The perception of pitch change is ______________ to frequency change at lower frequencies. 
more sensitive
67
unit of measure for physical loudness
sound pressure level (SPL)
68
 ____frequencies, the pressure wave has the most amplitude at the _____of the basilar membrane.
high base
69
For a /b/ + vowel combination, the first formant frequency will always ________ and the second formant frequency will always ________ when changing from the consonants to the vowel A. Increase; increase B. Increase; decrease C. Decrease; decrease D. Decrease; increase
A
70
A 100 Hz tone will activate one critical band at the _______ of the basilar membrane.
apex
71
Which sound will have the greatest oral pressure building? A. Voiced fricatives B. Voiceless fricatives C. Voiced stops D. Voiceless stops
D. voiceless stops
72
Humans can reliably determine which sound came first even when sounds are played as little as _______ apart. 
10-15 ms
73
A 10,000 Hz tone will activate one critical band at the ____ of the basilar membrane.
base
74
Humans can detect very small differences in pitch up to around _______
2000 Hz
75
Since nerves are only able to fire so fast, this helps with pitch perception below ____Hz
500 Hz
76
Fill in the blanks with either INCREASE or DEECREASE. Decreasing the period will ______ the fundamental frequency which will ______ the spacing between the harmonics
increase & increase
77
Different lengths in vocal tracts leads to different _______________ for the vowels.
formant frequencies
78
Know the 5 steps of the processing example: (what parts are bottom up and what parts are top down)
Step 1: incoming speech (bottom-up processing) Step 2: compare the acoustic signal to stored acoustic signals to identify the speech sound (top-down processing). This includes working memory, Step 3: determine candidate words that start with the same sound Step 4: narrow down the word candidates based on: -frequency of word use (top-down processing) -What was already said (top-down processing) -Your knowledge of the speaker and the topic under discussion (top-down processing) Step 5: determine what they are saying (top down & bottom-up processing)
79
If the wave is described as having a long wavelength the was measured in: A. Space B. Time
A. Space
80
If a complex periodic wave is played for people, they say that the pitch of the sound is the _____ frequency component.   This is likely because the __________ of the frequency filter in the basilar membrane is ________ at lower frequencies
lowest bandwidth narrower
81
Perception of pitch ________ as frequency increases.
increases
82
T/F 0 dB means the absence of sound energy
False
83
taking sensory information and then assembling and integrating it
Bottom-up processing
84
The basilar membrane has a
tonotopic organization
85
Even if the SPL of the complex tone is played at the same time as a simple tone, the complex tone will be ________________ because more critical bands are activated. 
perceived as louder
86
_______ __ _______ can vary acoustic and articulatory characteristics of speech.
Rate of speech
87
The critical bands shows which frequencies are allowed to vibrate with _________ energy at that location on the basilar membrane.
maximal
88
Equal pitch ratios are ______________ with equal frequency differences
not associated
89
_________________is also used when perceiving sounds.
visual information
90
The referent value in the formulas for sound intensity level and the sound pressure level is the:
threshold of hearing
91
What are the two internal cues help us localize sound:
1. interaural time differences 2. interaural level differences
92
The most sensitive region of hearing (on average) is between _____Hz and ______Hz. 
1000-5000 Hz
93
When two sounds played at the same time are different, they are _________ in the brain as different sounds
segmented
94
Match the sound with its description. A consonant with an aperiodic source and a static filter /i/, /m/, /s/, /d/, /w/
/s/
95
If a complex periodic wave is played for people, they say that the pitch of the sound is the ______ frequency component. 
lowest
96
The minimal sound pressure level heard is ______at ___ frequencies and _____at ____ frequencies. 
higher, low lower, high
97
The acoustic cues used for phoneme perception for vowels:
F1 & F2
98
The acoustic cues used for phoneme perception for diphthongs:
formant transitions
99
doubling of frequencies is ?
octave
100
what interaural cue is more helpful with higher frequency sounds?
interaural level differences
101
T/F a complex wave has multiple frequency components
True
102
Muscles used for inhalation in that type of breathing Diaphragm muscles and external intercostal muscle contraction and relaxation of the abdominal muscle
balanced breathing

Speech Science (5 decks)

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