Final Exam Flashcards by Elizabeth McGuffey

True or False? Investigators who make their data available to the public expect to be coauthors on papers written by independent analysts.

False.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

True or False? A request for access to a private data set is most likely to be granted when the new researcher has some existing connection to the original researcher.

True.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which field applies advanced techniques from information science and computer science to the analysis of health data?

A) Health informatics
B) Bioinformatics
C) Clinical informatics
D) Public health informatics

A) Health informatics.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What type of projects might use data mining and computational linguistics to explore social media events?

A) Health informatics
B) Bioinformatics
C) Clinical informatics
D) Public health informatics

D) Public health informatics.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the major limitation when using existing clinical records?

A) Data are difficult to extract.
B) Data are protected by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act.
C) Records are often incomplete
D) Records require signed release from the patient.

C) Records are often incomplete.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

True or False? The disadvantage of using spreadsheet programs is that it is easy to accidentally enter new data or an existing row of data.

True.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

True or False? A codebook is even more essential for closed-ended questions and quantitative surveys.

False.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which of the following stores data in tables, linking related records in different tables?

A) Database programs
B) Spreadsheet programs
C) Statistical programs
D) File comparison programs

A) Database programs.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which process corrects typographical or other errors in data files?

A) Data capture
B) Data cleaning
C) Data recoding
D) Data security

C) Data cleaning.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What type of programs typically offer two mechanisms for creating derived variables?

A) Database and spreadsheet programs
B) Spreadsheet and statistical programs
C) Database and statistical programs
D) File comparison and database programs

C) Database and statistical programs.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

True or False? Most research studies require the use of complex statistics such as regression.

False.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

True or False? Boxplots can be especially helpful for displaying the distribution of responses when the responses are skewed.

True.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the term for creating fake data, such as fictitious rows in a spreadsheet?

A) Fabrication
B) Falsification
C) Plagiarism
D) Justification

A) Fabrication.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

For what type of variables is it not possible to create a histogram or boxplot?

A) Ratio variables
B) Interval variables
C) Ordinal variables
D) Categorical variables

Categorical variables.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What type of variables typically result from counting something, leading to gaps between acceptable values?

A) Nominal variables
B) Binomial variables
C) Continuous variables
D) Discrete variables

D) Discrete variables.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

True or False? Regression models seek to understand the relationship between one or more independent variables and one dependent variable.

True.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

True or False? A confounder may make the association between an exposure variable and an outcome variable appear more or less significant than it truly is.

True.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which analysis uses regression models to examine causal patterns among variables in a unidirectional manner?

A) Path analysis
B) Structural equation modeling
C) Survival analysis
D) Analysis of covariance

A) Path analysis.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which plots display cumulative survival rates in a study population?

A) Log-rank tests
B) Cox proportional hazards regression
C) Kaplan-Meier plots
D) Hazard ratios

C) Kaplan-Meier plots.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which analysis examines the distribution of durations that individuals in a study population experience from an initial time point until a defined event?

A) Path analysis
B) Structural equation modeling
C) Survival analysis
D) Analysis of covariance

C) Survival analysis.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the term for the analysis that examines the distribution of durations of time individuals experience from an initial time point until a well-defined event?

Survival analysis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

True or False? Presenting new research in the form of a poster or an oral presentation can be a particularly useful way to get feedback on a project before submitting the work for review by a journal.

True

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

True or False? People who indicate a willingness to make either an oral presentation or present a poster may increase the likelihood that their abstracts will be accepted for the conference.

True

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

When preparing slides for an oral presentation, the greatest number of slides should be dedicated to which area of content?

A) Research goal
B) Background
C) Methods
D) Results

D) Results

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In a few scientific subspecialties, which of the following is considered to be equivalent to peer-reviewed journals? A) Abstracts B) Oral presentations C) Conference papers D) Poster presentations

C) Conference papers

During a conference, what type of sessions occur in which multiple panels of oral presentations are held at the same time in different rooms? A) Plenary sessions B) Concurrent sessions C) Poster sessions D) Exhibition sessions

B) Concurrent sessions

True or False? The methods section should provide information about ethical considerations such as whether inducements were offered, how informed consent was documented, whether community groups were consulted, and which research ethics committees reviewed the project.

True

True or False? The author guidelines of each journal will indicate what information should be provided in the end matter of submissions.

True

Which of the following should provide enough information in the title, figure, and/or legend or key for a reader to be able to interpret it without reading the related portion of the text? A) Tables B) Graphs C) Maps D) Flowcharts

B) Graphs

Which section of a research article should start with a description of the study population that clearly identifies the sample size and the demographics of the participants? A) Introduction B) Methods C) Results D) Discussion

C) Results

Which section of a research article can often be written even before data collection begins? A) Introduction B) Methods C) Results D) Discussion

B) Methods

True or False? Abstracts may incorrectly or incompletely summarize the methods and results of a study.

True

True or False? Paraphrasing accurately requires a level of comprehension that direct quoting does not.

True

A benefit of which of the following is that it helps ensure that the article being cited has been understood? A) Quoting B) Referencing C) Paraphrasing D) Plagiarism

C) Paraphrasing

Which of the following must be cited when it is referred to in a scientific paper? A) Random knowledge B) Common knowledge C) General knowledge D) Specific knowledge

D) Specific knowledge

In which citation style is the first article cited referred to a reference number any time it is cited in the manuscript? A) AMA style B) APA style C) MLA style D) ICMJE style

A) AMA style

True or False? The abstract of the report should tell the entire story in one compelling paragraph.

True

True or False? Short reports may be limited to as little as 800 to 1000 words with only one table or figure allowed.

True

What section of a paper in the health sciences should spell out the core question that the paper will explore and answer? A) Abstract B) Introduction C) Methods D) Discussion

Introduction

Which of the following is the first step in the editing process? A) Making sure the big picture message is being clearly communicated B) Making sure the paper has a clear storyline C) Making sure the title of the paper reflects the key message of the study D) Making sure the introduction overtly asks the main research question

A) Making sure the big picture message is being clearly communicated

Which section of a paper in the health sciences provides all necessary clues for answering the main research question and demonstrates that those observations are valid, sufficiently comprehensive, and reasonably unbiased? A) Abstract B) Introduction C) Methods and results D) Discussion

C) Methods and results

True or False? Because most journal articles in the health sciences follow the same outline, it is possible to know exactly which paragraphs are needed for a draft even before the first word is written.

True

True or False? Researchers who are kinesthetic learners may find it helpful to create a poster about the research project or to create a slideshow for a presentation about it.

True

True or False? Researchers who are kinesthetic learners may find it helpful to create a poster about the research project.

False

What type of learners may find it helpful to take a long walk away from a computer to think through the story that needs to be written? A) Oral learners B) Visual learners C) Kinesthetic learners D) Productive learners

C) Kinesthetic learners

Developing an 'elevator pitch' that tells the main lesson learned from the project in 30 seconds can greatly assist researchers who process their thoughts in which manner? A) Orally B) Verbally C) Kinesthetically D) Intellectually

A) Orally

Which of the following can create a negative thought cycle that can be difficult to break? A) Reviews of peers B) Flaws in the study C) Writer’s block D) Language barriers

C) Writer’s block

True or False? The senior author must be heavily involved in the day-to-day details of the study.

False

True or False? The senior author is often listed as the last author even if heavily involved in all aspects of the work.

True

Most researchers serve as what type of coauthors before moving into the lead author role for the first time? A) Mentors B) Consultants C) Middle coauthors D) Last author

Middle coauthors

An individual who is given honorary coauthorship without having significantly contributed to the work is referred to as which of the following? A) Gift authorship B) Ghost authorship C) Silent authorship D) Associate authorship

A) Gift authorship

In what manner are authors generally listed on a manuscript? A) In alphabetical order B) In order according to level of education C) In order according to contribution to the project D) In reverse order according to contribution to the project

C) In order according to contribution to the project

True or False? Submitting a manuscript to a journal for review is the final step of a series of conversations about a research report.

False

True or False? Presenting research findings at conferences is a helpful part of the scientific conversation.

False

Which of the following are generally considered to be previews of works in progress and not final products? A) Conference abstracts B) Oral presentations C) Peer reviews D) Poster presentations

A) Conference abstracts

After publication, what is the next goal of a research scientist? A) Republish the same results B) Move on to a new course of study C) Expand the research in a new but related direction D) Mentor researchers with similar research goals

C) Expand the research in a new but related direction

Which of the following can be viewed as an opportunity to receive expert and constructive feedback about a draft report? A) Question and answer sessions B) Oral presentations C) Peer-review process D) Poster presentations

C) Peer-review process

True or False? Selecting a target journal early in the writing process makes it easier to hone the paper’s message for the journal’s audience.

True

True or False? Determining whether an article is a fit with a specialty or regional journal is often straightforward.

True

In which model of publishing do authors or their funders pay to make an article freely available to the public? A) Gold open access B) Green open access C) Gray open access D) Granted open access

A) Gold open access

What type of journals do not follow good editorial and peer review practices and have pay-to-publish schemes? A) Hybrid journals B) Subscription journals C) Open-access journals D) Predatory journals

D) Predatory journals

What is the impact factor for the most prominent journals such as Science, Nature, JAMA, The Lancet, and the New England Journal of Medicine? A) 5–6 B) 6–8 C) 8–10 D) 10 or greater

D) 10 or greater

True or False? Publication is a priority for many health researchers because a project that has not been published is not contributing to advancing knowledge.

True

True or False? Submitting to a journal as soon as a revised and polished manuscript has been crafted is critical.

True

To how many journals can a health sciences manuscript be submitted at one time? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 5+

A) 1

Most journals will reformat which aspect of all accepted manuscripts into their house styles when they convert the text into the single-spaced, small font, multicolumn format that is popular in health science journals? A) Maps B) Graphs C) Tables D) Photographs

C) Tables ## Footnote This includes converting text into a single-spaced, small font, multicolumn format popular in health science journals.

Even though most submissions are made via computer instead of by postal delivery, most online submission systems still expect which of the following to be uploaded? A) Proposal B) Abstract C) Cover letter D) Author guidelines

C) Cover letter ## Footnote This is a common requirement for manuscript submissions.

True or False? One of the advantages of the initial review process is that it allows authors whose submission is declined to quickly submit their work to a more suitable journal.

True

True or False? An external peer review can lead to three possible results: rejection, an opportunity to revise and resubmit, or acceptance.

True

Reviewers usually provide how many sets of comments to the journal? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 5+

B) 2

At what point is the research manuscript sent to a copyeditor, who checks the paper carefully for grammar, spelling, and adherence to the journal’s style? A) Immediately following peer review B) Once the paper has been formally accepted C) Once the article has been assigned an issue D) Once the article has been published in print

B) Once the paper has been formally accepted

At what point is the full research cycle complete? A) Once the paper has been formally accepted B) Once the article has been assigned an issue C) Once the article has been published in print D) Once the published article has been cited for the first time in another article

D) Once the published article has been cited for the first time in another article