final exam! Flashcards
(119 cards)
1
Q
what is a function of the thymus?
A
production of hormones that help immune system development
2
Q
growth hormone is:
A
a non-tropic hormone from the anterior pituitary gland
3
Q
the higher the hematocrit level of blood…
A
the higher the viscosity
4
Q
pernicious anemia is characterized by…
A
large, pale RBCs due to a vitamin B12 deficiency
5
Q
individuals that can receive any type of blood, except those with an Rh antigen have __ blood
A
AB-
6
Q
when the semilunar valves are open, which of the following occurs?
A
- ventricles are in systole
- blood enters the pulmonary trunk + aorta
- AV valves are closed
7
Q
the aorta and pulmonary arteries receive blood when ______.
A
the ventricles are in systole
8
Q
a blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart is called a(n)
A
artery
9
Q
when a person loses a significant amount of blood, how will their blood vessels respond?
A
blood vessels will constrict
10
Q
what organs or structures is a mucosae associated lymphatic tissue (malt)?
A
- appendix
- peyer’s patches in the small intestine
- lymphoid follicles throughout the intestines
11
Q
branch of the immune system providing a quick immune response upon 2nd exposure to an antigen?
A
adaptive immunity
12
Q
which immune system protein kills certain pathogens by making a hole in its surface?
A
membrane attack complex (mac)
13
Q
the amount of air expelled from the lungs influences which aspect of speech?
A
volume
14
Q
surfactant is produced by ___ cells and helps ___.
A
type ii alveolar cells; change cohesiveness of h2o molecules
15
Q
which organs only digestive role is to transport food that has been ingested?
A
esophagus
16
Q
which of the following enzymes help digest protein?
A
proteases
17
Q
the amount of energy the body uses at rest is referred to as _____.
A
basal metabolic rate
18
Q
fat synthesis that occurs when glucose levels are elevated and cellular atp levels are high is:
A
lipogenesis
19
Q
which organ system is responsible for regulation of blood composition, volume, and pressure?
A
urinary
20
Q
aquaporins are inserted into the apical membrane of collecting duct principal cells when ______.
A
adh levels are high
21
Q
after eating a meal high in sodium, which of the following would occur?
A
temporary increase in blood volume
22
Q
once an oocyte is ovulated, it is received directly by the _______.
A
fimbriae
23
Q
prolactin levels are most elevated in ______.
A
lactating females
24
Q
which type of hormone depends on the use of intracellular second messengers?
A
amino acid-based hormones
25
hormone actions within tissues or organs depends upon the presence of ______.
specific hormone receptors
26
a parasitic worm infection would increase the number of _____ in the blood.
eosinophils
27
individuals with a- blood have:
only type a antigens
28
blood pressure will decrease due to ______.
decreased cardiac output due to blood loss
29
what is the first and last part of the heart's internal conduction system?
sinoatrial node; purkinje fibers
30
capillaries are responsible for _______.
exchanging gas and nutrients with tissue cells
31
changes in arterial pressure are detected by ______.
baroreceptors in the carotid sinus
32
which branch of the nervous system diverts blood to active muscle capillaries during exercise?
sympathetic nervous system
33
the principal secondary lymph organ(s) ______.
are the lymph nodes
34
edema that occurs distal to the site of inadequate lymphatic drainage is called _______.
lymphedema
35
natural killer (nk) cells have the unique ability to ________.
kill cancer & virus cells before adaptive immunity kicks in
36
a particle that triggers adaptive immunity is called a(n) _______.
antigen
37
natural recoil of the lungs elastic fibers contribute to which of the following?
a. increased blood co2 levels
b. decreased blood co2 levels
c. decreased surface tension in alveolar walls
d. passive, quiet expiration
d. passive, quiet expiration
38
ventilation-perfusion coupling involves matching ________.
blood flow with ventilation
39
which substance has a low pH that converts pepsinogen to pepsin & denatures proteins?
gastric juice
40
which of the following emulsifies fats?
a. lipase
b. chyme
c. bile
d. pancreatic juice
c. bile
41
which nutrient often serves a coenzyme function?
vitamins
42
using non-carbohydrate molecules to form glucose is called _______.
gluconeogenesis
43
what are examples of organs that are capable of peristalsis?
- esophagus
- ureters
- small intestine
44
aldosterone helps regulate ________.
sodium ion concentration in extracellular fluid
45
the hormone ______ can cause edema, similar to aldosterone
estrogen
46
which two cells have the same # of chromosomes?
ovum and sperm
47
one form of birth control is a ______ where they surgically cut the ____________.
vasectomy; vas deferens
48
the glomerulus is formed from ____________.
fenestrated capillaries
49
extreme thirst, extreme hunger, and increased urination are all signs which condition?
diabetes mellitus
50
in adults ________ is responsible for the growth of skeletal muscle and bones.
growth hormone
51
which of the following hormones would serve to increase the number of RBCs
erythropoietin
52
mismatching a patient's blood type with the type of blood type they receive would cause _______.
agglutination
53
a biconcave shape, no organelles and anaerobic energy production aid blood cells in ________.
being efficient oxygen transporters
54
what characteristics that you'd find in the left ventricle?
- thickest region of cardiac muscle
- trabeculae carnae
- chordae tendinae
55
the epicardium is synonymous with the ______.
visceral pericardium
56
which process provides the greatest ability to change blood pressure over time?
renal regulation
57
lymph transport is similar to venous transport in that it _______.
depends upon the movement of adjacent tissues
58
the inguinal, cervical and axillary regions are where ______.
large clusters of superficial lymph nodes can be found
59
an autoimmune disease always involves _______.
antigens attacking otherwise healthy self-cells
60
direct exposure to an antigen provides which type of immunity?
natural active
61
when atmospheric pressure is less than intrapulmonary pressure, which process occurs?
expiration
62
pulmonary ventilation is the process of ________.
air movement into and out of the lungs
63
why is pepsinogen converted to pepsin in the stomach lumen?
to avoid destruction of the cell producing it
64
the medulla and pons help control _______.
respiration
65
which part of the brain accts as the body's thermostat?
hypothalamus
66
rugae are structural features found in the ______, while haustra are found in the ______.
stomach; large intestine
67
if the efferent arteriole exiting the glomerulus vasoconstricts, it would cause ______.
increased urine output
68
the ______ is the structural and functional unit of the kidney.
nephron
69
atria produce & the adrenal cortex produces ______, which both act on the DCT of the nephron.
anp; aldosterone
70
one way to deal with respiratory alkalosis is _______.
breathing into a paper bag
71
growth of breasts at puberty and widening of the pelvis in females is due mostly to _________.
estrogen
72
male ejaculation is under the control of _______.
a sympathetic reflex
73
the corpus luteum produces _________.
progesterone after ovulation
74
one hormone that operates on a positive feedback mechanism is ______.
oxytocin
75
the term polydipsia refers to ______, while polyphagia refers to _______.
excessive thirst; excessive hunger
76
if blood is put in a centrifuge, what is evident?
there are more RBCs than WBCs
77
loss of blood pressure and blood oxygen-carrying capacity would be the direct result of ________.
rapid, substantial blood loss
78
closure of the heart valves result in _______.
discernable heart sounds
79
pulmonary arteries deliver blood to the _______.
lungs
80
lower blood plasma volume, increased urination and decreased blood pressure could be from _____.
ingestion of a diuretic
81
after an individual reaches maturity, they thymus _______.
atrophies
82
the absorption of dietary fat relies initially upon _______.
the lymphatic system
83
______ & prime the adaptive immune system with a relatively harmless 1st exposure to an antigen
vaccines provide active immunity
84
which aspect of the immune system directly interferes with viral replication?
interferons
85
esophagus or trachea:
what remains patent (open) at all times?
trachea
86
where does the digestion of protein begin?
stomach
87
_____ is secreted by the stomach and converted to _______ in the stomach lumen with help from ______.
pepsinogen; pepsin; hydrochloric acid
88
which hormone increases HCI secretion and stimulates movement of the intestines?
gastrin
89
where does the digestion of protein begin?
stomach
90
damage to the glomerulus could contribute to which abnormal urine finding?
protein
91
what is the purpose of cellular respiration?
generate ATP
92
an increase in glomerular blood pressure ______.
increases the amount of filtrate entering the nephron
93
when there is a respiratory obstruction, it can result in ___________.
respiratory acidosis
94
parathyroid hormone is closely linked to the maintenance of ______ levels in the body.
calcium
95
which male hormone stimulates spermatogenesis and male secondary sex characteristics?
testosterone
96
presence of the hormone ______ prevents the body from accessing fat stores to use as energy.
insulin
97
leptin has what effect on the body?
suppresses appetite and increases energy expenditure
98
which adrenal hormones increase blood glucose, fatty acid & amino acid levels to deal w/ stress?
glucocorticoids
99
the coronary arteries carry ______.
oxygenated blood to the myocardium
100
the _______ valve is located between the left atrium and left ventricle.
mitral (bicuspid)
101
________ capillaries are the least permeable, while ________ capillaries are the most permeable.
continuous; sinosoidal
102
large numbers of ____ in the aorta make it capable of adapting to its constant changes in BP.
elastic fibers
103
an increase in blood viscosity creates an increase in _________.
peripheral resistance
104
which cells serve as the main warriors of the immune system?
lymphocytes
105
which blind-ended structures are closely related to tonsils?
tonsillar crypts
106
blood cells that develop and mature in the bone marrow are _______.
b-lymphocytes
107
leukocytes are attracted to an area of infection or damage by:
inflammation
108
which of the following is part of the first line of defense against microorganisms?
- gastric juice
- keratin
- acid mantle of the skin
109
alveolar sacs are _________
the main site of gas exchange
110
pressure in the pleural cavity is called _______ pressure
intrapleural
111
metabolism is _________.
all chemical reactions in the human body
112
lipolysis involves _________.
breaking down triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol
113
individuals need to ingest _____ to maintain tissue maintenance and growth.
complete proteins
114
aldosterone increases __________.
sodium reabsorption
115
which hormone is suppressed by alcohol consumption and increases urination as a result?
ADH
116
the level of ______ in the body is closely tied to the body's water volume.
sodium
117
potassium is found mainly in which fluid compartment?
intracellular fluid
118
the bulbourethral gland produces _______.
clear, thick mucus
119
what acts as a trigger for the initiation of micturition (voiding)
the stretching of the bladder wall
