Final Exam! Flashcards
1
Q
(T/F) Former prisoners going through reentry no longer have the “central 8 risk factors.”
A. True
B. False
A
FALSE
2
Q
Which is NOT true about trauma informed care?
A. Be aware of the trauma experienced by participants
B. Staff should recognize the signs of trauma
C. Staff should make therapy as safe space
D. Staff should try to make sure that participants “power through” when discussing
traumatic events
A
3
Q
______ commit drastically more crimes than women
A
males
4
Q
which two crime types are most common for women
A
Larceny and theft
5
Q
Today, women make up a ______ portion of the prison population than in the past
A
larger
6
Q
Women in the justice system have a lot more tr____a or u____e requirements
A
trauma
unique
7
Q
In prison, __ percent of females have drug problem
A
70
8
Q
In prison, __ percent of males have drug problem
A
60
9
Q
prison programs were made for ___
A
men
10
Q
Women have a higher risk threshold, it takes - risk factors to lead to offending
A
6-7
11
Q
Men have a lower risk threshold, it takes - risk factors to lead to offending
A
4-5
12
Q
Early program targeted things like _________ prep or ________ lessons (didn’t change until we started tailoring it toward women)
A
pregnancy prep
parenting
13
Q
Some argue ______ ________ programing is at odds with the RNR model
A
gender responsive
14
Q
Trauma increase the level of ________ in the brain
A
cortisol
15
Q
Problems with trauma informed in prison is that it is a ___ environment
A
BAD
16
Q
Males commit drastically more crime than females do: adult males make up __% of all arrests
A
75%
17
Q
women’s state population have ______ faster than men’s
A
grown
18
Q
Like with adults: young girls make up __% of
all arrests
A
25%
19
Q
Today juvenile girls make up __% of “prison”
populations
A
15%
20
Q
juvi girls make up
__% of violent crime arrests,
__% of property crime arrests,
__% of drug crime arrests, and __% of public order arrests
A
31% of violent crime arrests,
25% of property crime arrests,
25% of drug crime arrests, and
28% of public order arrests
21
Q
Bloom, Owen, & Covington (2003) provided a profile of women who are under correctional
supervision and found that the following are common among this group:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
A
Has a family member in the criminal justice system
History of physical/sexual abuse
Drug/alcohol
Physical or mental health difficulties
They are a single parent
Limited vocational training or work history
22
Q
__% of female prisoners have a drug
dependency/abuse problem
A
69%
23
Q
__% of female prisoners have a drug
dependency/substance abuse problem
A
72%
24
Q
First time the unique needs of girls/women was addressed was in ____
A
1971
25
Dr. Edith Flynn at the National Conference on Corrections: she noted that all programs in prisons are made for ____
men
26
Some of these risk assessment tools _____________ girls’/women’s likelihood of recidivism
overrestimated
27
These modified risk assessment tools tend to:
* Give a higher “risk ____________” cutoff for girls—so it takes more risk factors for a
girl/woman to be considered moderate or high risk
* And thus are more effective and less likely to overestimate risk level
threshold
28
The same risk assessment tools used for males, though, can tell us WHAT kind of services someone should have (_____ Principle)
need
29
They just wouldn’t be great at identifying the highest risk girls/women to target for
treatment (_____ Principle)
risk
30
we should offer treatment that is sensitive to the unique needs
of females
this is called what?
Gender responsive programming
31
Gender responsive programming
1)
Equality of services does not mean “same”
2)
Gender responsive programs are not just “women only” programs that were
designed for men
3)
Females’ sense of self is best cultivated in female specific (versus co-ed)
settings
4)
The unique needs of girls/women should be addressed in a women-centric
environment that is safe, trusting, and supportive
5)
Whenever possible girls/women should be treated in the least restrictive
environment as possible
6)
Cultural awareness and sensitivity should be prioritized
32
Gender responsive programming is also very squarely rooted in
(1)
(2)
(1) identifying
needs and
(2) being responsive
33
So what works for girls and woman:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
1. Gender specific risk assessment tools
2. Targeting the same criminogenic needs as males
3. Cognitive interventions (shocker)
4. Mental health treatment
5. Single sex treatment
34
the process of leaving prison (or some other residential facility like a
halfway house, group home, etc.) and returning to the community
reentry
35
Greater than __% of all offenders reenter society
90%
36
What are the top 3 most proximate barriers to re-entry?
Transportation, housing, and money
37
on average, prisons give people __$ and a ___ ticket when they leave
20$ and a bus ticket
38
Texas: SNAP (food stamps) are not available to someone who is not working at least ___ hours a week—which might make former prisoners ineligible.
30
39
one of the hard things with prisoners finding housing is that since they are living with family this may violate their
parole
40
MOST facilities do ____ have transition services that would help inmates find treatment
NOT
41
What are the four (4) guidelines for prisoners reentry programs?
1)
2)
3)
4)
* First, target the highest risk individuals—those the most likely to recidivate post-release
* Second, we should make sure that we start any reentry interventions in the last leg of their incarceration and continue services during reentry
* Third, have a reentry service that helps them link up with services they would need
post-release
* Fourth, any service offered during reentry should be evidence-based: CBIs, education or vocational training, and relapse prevention (many will need this as they are re-exposed to triggers)
42
What does "SVORI" stand for?
Serious and Violent Offender Reentry Initiative
43
Large scale reentry effort
* Started in 2003
* This initiative provided states with money to develop county-level reentry services
* Provided $110 million to each state for this
* Stipulated that any program should be based on the RNR model and that any
program should be started 6 months before release
what is this?
SVORI
Serious and Violent Offender Reentry Initiative (SVORI)
44
The TPC and TPJ models were developed in 2001 and focused on:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(1)
screening/assessment to determine the needs of returning persons,
(2)
transition (between facility and community) planning, and
(3)
service delivery.
45
What does TPC and TPJ stand for?
transition from prison/jail to the community
46
Stages _ and _ of TPC OR TJC involved finding services for soon-to-be former prisoners, signing them up for those, and following up post-release to ensure the services were being accessed.
2 and 3
47
PRI was developed in 2003 and was focused on nonviolent inmates returning
home.
Like other initiatives mentioned, the PRI started the intervention/planning during
incarceration and included case management during and after confinement.
This program also offered mentorship to former prisoners and education/employment assistance.
What reentry program is this?
Prisoner Reentry Initiative (PRI)
48
Started in ____ and modeled after drug courts
what courts are these?
1999,
reentry courts
49
monitor former prisoners, hook them up with resources, and offer assistance
this is the goal of . . .
Reentry courts, they started in the 1999s
50
Reentry courts used ________ sanctions and rewards to celebrate milestones and achievements
graduated
51
The _______ ________ ___authorized $165 million to state and local CJ agencies and nonprofits to develop and implement reentry programs that would reduce
recidivism.
Funding was available for both juvenile and adult programs and for programs that
spanned all kinds of services: treatment, employment, housing, mentoring
programs, victim services, and reentry courts.
49 different states used Second Chance money to great programs.
Second Chance Act
52
Here are a few examples of how some of these monies were used through the "Second Chance Act (2008)":
1) State Il
2) State Mas
3) State Oh
4) State Wi
* Illinois Department of Corrections required all prison staff receive training in
evidence-based practices.
* Massachusetts Department of Mental Health offered former prisoners peer
support and housing services.
* Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Corrections developed a program to
connect people who were returning to rural areas with services and support
post-release.
* Wisconsin Department of Corrections created a risk assessment tool, case
planning, housing, family, and mental health services for returning prisoners.
53
any event that is either experienced or observed that can affect one’s
physical or psychological well-being and produce feelings of fear, hopelessness, or
shock
trauma
54
typical discussed topics in criminology that lead to trauma
abuse, neglect, witnessing
violence.
55
The Three E's of trauama
1)
2)
3)
1) The Event
2) The Experience
3) The effects
56
Prolonged and elevated levels of ________ in the brain requires your brain to expend energy to “level out” the amount of cortisol
cortisol
57
The three areas of the brain that are effected by trauma:
1) P C
2) Hip
3) Am
1) prefrontal cortex
2) Hippocampus
3) Amygdala
58
Trauma effects the areas of the brain responsible for ___-_____ and ___ _______
Self-control and decision making
59
_________ therapies often want people to relive their experiences
traditional
60
multiple discussions of traumatic event can be re-________
traumatizing
61
“The over-arching goal of _____ _______ ________ is to incorporate knowledge about the neuro- biological, social, and psychological effects of trauma into policies, procedures, and practices that guide a safe, compassionate, respectful service delivery environment.”
(Levenson & Willis, 2017)
[trauma informed care]
62
Principles of trauma informed care:
1)
2)
3)
4)
Principle 1:
Realize the prevalence and impact of trauma among those you are
serving. Juveniles and women are especially likely to have traumatic pasts, but they
might not be the only ones
Principle 2:
Recognize the signs and symptoms of trauma.
* Hypervigilance, addiction, aggression, impulsivity, and lack of empathy are all
“symptoms
Principle 3: Integrate what we know about trauma into how we operate programming.
There are five core values that can meet this goal (Covington, 2012; Harris & Fallot, 2001):
1. Safety: make the individual feel safe. This includes offering eye contact with them, consistency in
how you operate your sessions, explaining why we do things in different therapies (this reduces
uncertainty).
2. Trustworthiness: following through when you say you are going to do something, modeling trust, and
maintaining appropriate boundaries between provider and offender.
3. Choice: emphasizing that the individual has choices and has control while participating in treatment
and providing informed consent (make sure all information is provided to someone before you ask
them for their consent).
4. Collaboration: allow the individuals to have input in their rehabilitation journey.
5. Empowerment: teaching skills and providing tasks that allow the individuals to succeed.
Principle 4:
Actively avoid re-
traumatization when delivering
services.
* Create calm, supportive spaces
for treatment
* Non-punitive therapies (e.g., don’t
use punishment for
noncompliance)
63
trauma informed care is especially important for:
women/girls and juveniles
64
pathway from trauma to deliquency:
stage 1)
stage 2)
stage 3)
stage 4)
1) early childhood trauma
2) dysregulation of emotions, socila info, and disruption of interpersonal processes
3) Seve and persistent problems with oppositional-defiance and aggression
4) deliquency
65
Present-focused, coping skills therapy aimed to simultaneously treat trauma-related
symptoms and substance use disorders; tw____-F____ sessions over th____ months
which program is this?
Twenty-five; three
seeking safety
66
A four-module group psychosocial intervention that includes the following:
(1) foundational knowledge and skills to enhance posttraumatic emotional, cognitive and behavioral regulation to improve interpersonal skills;
(2) group sharing and processing of traumatic events;
(3) processing of grief and loss; and
(4) resumption of adaptive development progression and creating a future
orientation`
what program is this?
Trauma and Grief Component Therapy for Adolescents (TGCTA)
67
Another effective way to handle youth with trauma is trauma-informed ____ based
trainings
skills
68
the ________ model focuses on fostering a culture of
(a) nonviolence;
(b) emotional intelligence;
(c) inquiry and social learning;
(d) shared governance;
(e) open communication;
(d) social responsibility; and
(d) growth and change
* Research finds it can increase self-control and reduce violence
sanctuary
69
What are the five core values that can meet the goal of integrating what we know about trauma into how we operate the programs?
1) Saf
2) Tr
3) Ch
4) Coll
5) Emp
1) safety
2) Trust
3) Choice
4) Collaboration
5) empowerment
70
Trauma informed care in correction is essentially focuses on giving
ag_____ , showing re_____ , and
basically hu______someone
agency
respect
humanizing
71
Nearly __million people are incarcerated in state and federal prisons, and local jails,
each year
2 million
72
Over __% of incarcerated people will return to the community (at some point) and
be reintroduced as our neighbors
90%
73
Though, within th___ years of release, __% of former prisoners will be re-arrested
three years;
68%
74
_________ is more effective at changing behavior and reducing recidivism than a
sanction/punishment alone
treatment
75
French and Gendreau (2006): meta-analysis of prison programs and their effect on prison violations
* Found that behavioral programs like C__reduced prison misconduct the most
* Found that programs that targeted the _____ ___ _____ factors reduced misconduct
the most
Shocker: following evidence-based approaches are best
CBI;
Central 8 risk factors
76
Most prisons offer treatments
* The Bureau of Justice Statistics reports that __ % of prisons offer counseling programs,
__% offer education programs, and __% offer job/vocational programs.
* More specifically (% of prisons that offer this):
Life skills training (78%)
Drug/alcohol dependency (74%)
Employment (73%)
Psychological/psychiatric (58%)
HIV/AIDS (55%)
Parenting (48%)
Sex offender (36%)
92
85
88
77
offered in 3/4 of facilities
* Some of these programs are 12-step programs like AA, while others ae group counseling or medical management.
* There are prison specific ______ abuse treatments
what treatment program is this?
drug treatment programs
78
Research finds that _____ can reduce recidivism by __%
This is effective because
(1) it tends to be offered to highest risk offenders (typically 95% of participants are high risk),
(2) it is multimodal, and
(3) its targeting risk factors
Most commonly, though, prisons will NOT use something like this. It’ll instead be like AA or self-help groups
RSAT ;
42%
79
RSAT stands for:
residential substance abuse treatment
80
___ months (for jail inmates) or __ months (for prison inmates)
* Substance abusers are housed in a separate area of the facility during that time
* While isolated, they are offered any medications needed to withdrawal,
traditional therapy for mental health issues, and cognitive behavioral style
interventions to reduce substance abuse.
* ____ targets not only substance abuse but related problems like mental health
issues. They also work on offering vocational skills and social skills too
what program?
RSAT (residentail substance abuse treatment)
3 months, 6 months
81
Only __% of prisons offer sex offender treatment programs.
* However, only 13% of all state inmates are sexual offenders and not all prisons house sex offenders
And most sex offenders in prison end up receiving treat
36%
82
And ____ sex offenders in prison end up receiving treatment
most
83
* Offered towards end sentence to prepare them for release (last year or so)
* In the last month, moved to a halfway house
* Like RSAT, participants are housed in a separate area of facility
what program is this?
Transitional Sex Offender Treatment Program (SOTP)
84
In Transitional Sex Offender Treatment Program (SOTP), prisoners are offered __-___ hours of treatment per week
10-15
85
the six components of SOTP
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
Assessment of needs
Group and individual therapy
Substance abuse treatment if needed
Offering education/services to the sex offenders’ family/support person
support groups
Psychoeducational groups (meets 3-4x a week an operates like CBI)
Research has found a lot of support for SOTP reporting that those who completed the treatment
were 33% less likely to be re-arrested for a sex offense (Duwe & Goldamn, 2009).
86
another major program is _______ counseling
general
87
another major program is ed________ and v______ training
educational and vocational
88
__% of people in jails are awaiting trial and __% have been sentenced to less than one year
65%
35%
89
They are more likely than the general population and the prison population to
currently be experiencing homelessness, to have educational deficits, mental
health issues, and substance abuse issues (Peters & Matthew, 2002)
who is this population?
jail inmates
90
about __,000 youth are incarcerated every year
48,000
91
what are the three (3) special considerations for treatment in prisons?
1)
2)
3)
1)
First, prisons are punitive, which is at odds with the idea of rehab
* Might be hard to get staff to buy in to rehab
2)
even if an incarcerated person is receiving treatment, they are doing so while simultaneously being exposed to antisocial thinking and behavior from other
inmates and exposure to additional traumas.
* That is not going to make for a very therapeutic environment
3)
Third, prison is an isolated and controlled environment
* The real world is not isolated and controlled
* Hard to apply what is learned in such a different environment
92
