Final Exam

Question 1

What is the definition of chronic?

Answer 1

Lasts 3+ months, often incurable.

Question 2

What does developmental vulnerability refer to?

Answer 2

Children’s rapid changes → extra sensitive to illness or trauma.

Question 3

Define disability.

Answer 3

Impairment of body function; limits daily activities.

Question 4

What is dementia?

Answer 4

Progressive, irreversible decline in memory and cognition.

Question 5

Who are psychiatrists?

Answer 5

Medical doctors, can prescribe drugs, treat mental illness.

Question 6

What is the primary focus of psychologists?

Answer 6

Usually PhDs; cannot prescribe, focus on behavioral therapy.

Question 7

What role do paraprofessionals play in healthcare?

Answer 7

e.g., CNAs, therapy aides; assist with basic ADLs, under licensed staff.

Question 8

What is long-term care (LTC)?

Answer 8

Individualized, extended services for people with functional limitations.

Question 9

Describe an Assisted Living Facility (ALF).

Answer 9

Residential, provides personal care, supervision, and social activities.

Question 10

What is the purpose of Adult Day Care (ADC)?

Answer 10

Daytime care for impaired adults; offers respite for family caregivers.

Question 11

What does a Continuing Care Retirement Community (CCRC) provide?

Answer 11

Combines levels of care (independent → skilled) on one campus.

Question 12

Define custodial care.

Answer 12

Nonmedical support to maintain condition.

Question 13

What is respite care?

Answer 13

Temporary care to relieve informal caregivers (e.g., family vacations).

Question 14

What is restorative care?

Answer 14

Short-term therapy to help regain physical function.

Question 15

Describe skilled nursing care.

Answer 15

Licensed nurse services: monitoring, wound care, injections, rehab.

Question 16

What defines a Skilled Nursing Facility (SNF)?

Answer 16

Certified for Medicare, provides skilled care and rehab.

Question 17

What is a Nursing Facility (NF)?

Answer 17

Certified for Medicaid only (not Medicare).

Question 18

What is subacute care?

Answer 18

More complex than traditional nursing care.

Question 19

What encompasses quality of life?

Answer 19

Includes lifestyle, environment, care comfort, personal choices.

Question 20

Define patient-centered care.

Answer 20

Respects and responds to patient needs and preferences.

Question 21

What is patient activation?

Answer 21

Patient’s ability to manage their own care.

Question 22

What is personalized medicine?

Answer 22

Match genes with medications for better results.

Question 23

Define precision medicine.

Answer 23

Combines genes, environment, lifestyle for tailored treatment.

Question 24

What does access in healthcare mean?

Answer 24

Timely use of affordable, acceptable health services.

Question 25

What are administrative costs?

Answer 25

Costs for managing the health system (e.g., billing, claims).

Question 26

What is cost-efficiency in healthcare?

Answer 26

Care is cost-effective when benefits outweigh the expense.

Question 27

What is defensive medicine?

Answer 27

Unnecessary tests/treatments to avoid lawsuits.

Question 28

Define fraud in healthcare.

Answer 28

Intentional deception, e.g., false billing, unnecessary services.

Question 29

What does overutilization refer to?

Answer 29

Care given unnecessarily (risks > benefits).

Question 30

What is underutilization in healthcare?

Answer 30

Helpful care not given, even when benefits > costs.

Question 31

What defines quality in healthcare?

Answer 31

Services that improve health outcomes and align with standards.

Question 32

What is quality assessment?

Answer 32

Measures quality against a standard.

Question 33

What is quality assurance (improvement)?

Answer 33

Ongoing improvement through monitoring and action.

Question 34

What are clinical practice guidelines?

Answer 34

Standardized evidence-based care processes.

Question 35

What is risk management in healthcare?

Answer 35

Prevent adverse events; avoid malpractice risks.

Question 36

What are outcomes in healthcare?

Answer 36

The results of health care delivery.

Question 37

Define health policy.

Answer 37

Any public policy influencing health care.

Question 38

What are public policies?

Answer 38

Government decisions to influence behavior or decisions.

Question 39

What are regulatory tools in healthcare?

Answer 39

Government sets rules, monitors compliance, and applies penalties.

Question 40

What is an allocative tool?

Answer 40

Direct provision of income/services to benefit individuals.

Question 41

Define distributive policies.

Answer 41

Spread benefits across society (e.g., NIH funding).

Question 42

What are redistributive policies?

Answer 42

Shift resources (e.g., Medicaid takes from taxes → gives to poor).

Question 43

What does health planning entail?

Answer 43

Government efforts to organize and distribute resources for better health.

Question 44

What is top-down control in healthcare?

Answer 44

Fixed budgets limit total spending; can reduce provider responsiveness.

Question 45

What is comparative effectiveness research?

Answer 45

Compare treatments to find the best option based on scientific evidence.

Question 46

What is a single-payer plan?

Answer 46

Government handles all health care financing.