final exam

Question 1

a crucial hormone system that regulates blood pressure and fluid balance

Answer 1

Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System

Question 2

a critical regulator of blood volume, electrolyte balance, and systemic vascular resistance

Answer 2

Renin-angiotensin aldosterone system

Question 3

a specialized capillary bed within the nephron, the primary filtration unit of the kidney

Answer 3

glomerulus

Question 4

recieves blood at high pressure (around 70mmHg) and filters it

Answer 4

glomerulus

Question 5

cup-like structure surrounds the glomerulus and collects the filtrate

Answer 5

Bowman’s capsule

Question 6

brings blood to the glomerulus

Answer 6

afferent arteriole

Question 7

carries blood away from the glomerulus

Answer 7

efferent arteriole

Question 8

helps maintain pressure in the glomerulus for filtration

Answer 8

efferent arteriole

Question 9

regulates blood pressure and glomerular filtration rate.

Answer 9

juxtaglomerular apparatus

Question 10

the functional units of the kidneys, responsible for filtering blood and producing urine

Answer 10

Nephrons

Question 11

filters blood, forming a filtrate

Answer 11

renal corpuscle

Question 12

modifies the filtrate by transporting needed substances and secreting waste products, leading to a he formation of urine

Answer 12

renal tubule

Question 13

First segment of tubule where most reabsorbtion of nutrients, water, and ions occur

Answer 13

Proximal Convuluted Tubule

Question 14

a u shaped structure that descends into the medulla and then ascends back toward the cortex

Answer 14

Nephron loop

Question 15

the final segment of the tubule where fine tuning of filtrate occurs, including reabsorption of sodium and bicarbonate and secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions

Answer 15

distal convoluted tubule

Question 16

multiple nephrons empty into these

Answer 16

collecting ducts

Question 17

have short loops of Henle that don’t extend deeply into the medulla

Answer 17

Cortical Nephrons

Question 18

have long loops of Henle that extend deep into medulla, crucial for producing concentrated urine

Answer 18

Juxtamedullary Nephrons

Question 19

pressure exerted by a fluid at rest due to gravity

Answer 19

Hydrostatic pressure

Question 20

the pressure exerted by proteins in the blood plasma

Answer 20

oncotic pressure

Question 21

a specialized structure in the kidneys that allows selective filtration of blood plasma, creating unfiltrated, which is the starting point for urine production

Answer 21

Filtration membrane

Question 22

refers to the airways that transport air into and out of the lungs, including the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles

Answer 22

Conduction zone

Question 23

functional part of the lungs where gas exchange takes place

Answer 23

respiratory zone

Question 24

tiny air sacs where gas exchange actually occurs

Answer 24

Alveoli

Question 25

thin, narrow passageways that connect the respiratory bronchioles to the alveoli

Answer 25

Alveolar duct

Question 26

smallest bronchioles, and they lead to the alveolar ducts

Answer 26

Respiratory Bronchioles

Question 27

thin barrier in the lungs where gas exchange occurs between alveoli and the blood

Answer 27

Respiratory membrane

Question 28

thin layer of connective tissue that separates the alveolar wall and the capillary wall

Answer 28

basement membrane

Question 29

thin, squamous cells that make up the majority of the alveolar wall and facilitate gas exchange

Answer 29

Type 1 alveolar cells (pneumocytes)

Question 30

cells that produce surfactant, a substance that reduces surface tension in the alveoli and helps prevent them from collapsing

Answer 30

type 2 alveolar cells

Question 31

the process of moving air in and out of the lungs, facilitating gas exchange

Answer 31

ventilation

Question 32

amount of air inspired or expired with each breath

Answer 32

tidal volume

Question 33

amount that can be inspired forcefully after inspiration of the tidal volume

Answer 33

inspiratory reserve volume

Question 34

amount that can be forcefully expired after expiration of the tidal volume

Answer 34

expiratory reserve volume

Question 35

volume still remaining in respiratory passages and lungs after most forceful expiration

Answer 35

residual volume

Question 36

oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported in the blood through a combination of a physical dissolution and chemical binding to hemoglobin

Answer 36

Gasses

Question 37

where are digestive enzymes secreted

Answer 37

mouth, stomach, pancreas and small intestine

Question 38

break down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed

Answer 38

digestive enzymes

Question 39

digestive enzyme found in saliva that initiates the breakdown of starch into smaller sugar molecules

Answer 39

salivary amylase

Question 40

a key enzyme in the digestive system, responsible for breaking down proteins into smaller peptides and amino acids

Answer 40

Pepsin

Question 41

an enzyme produced by the pancreas that plays a crucial role in carbohydrate digestion

Answer 41

pancreatic amylase

Question 42

a digestive enzyme produced by the pancreas that plays a crucial role in protein digestion

Answer 42

trypsin

Question 43

a digestive enzyme produced by the pancreas and plays a crucial role in breaking down proteins in the small intestine

Answer 43

chymotrypsin

Question 44

enzymes that break down peptide bonds in proteins and peptides

Answer 44

peptidases

Question 45

digestive enzymes located on the surface of the small intestines microvilli which line the intestinal lumen

Answer 45

brush border

Question 46

digestive fluid produced by the liver that aids in the breakdown of fats and helps the body absorb nutrients

Answer 46

bile

Question 47

mix of water, hydrochloride acid, digestive enzymes, and mucus produced in different regions of the stomach

Answer 47

gastric juice

Question 48

aid in digestion by breaking down food through both mechanical and chemical processes

Answer 48

stomach

Question 49

a bodily fluid that involves production and composition

Answer 49

saliva

Question 50

breaks down fats

Answer 50

lipase

Question 51

breaks down proteins

Answer 51

protease

Question 52

breaks down carbohydrates

Answer 52

amylase

Question 53

lowers blood glucose levels by helping glucose enter cells

Answer 53

insulin

Question 54

raises blood glucose levels by releasing glucose from storage

Answer 54

glucagon

Question 55

regulates insulin and glucagon release

Answer 55

somatostatin

Question 56

may help regulate appetite and pancreatic secretions

Answer 56

Pancreatic polypeptide

Question 57

normal pH is:

Answer 57

7.35-7.45

Question 58

body mechanisms for maintaining a stable extra cellular pH within range of 7.35-7.45

Answer 58

Acid-Base

Question 59

substances that release hydrogen ions, increase acidity

Answer 59

acids

Question 60

substances that accept hydrogen ions, increasing alkalinity

Answer 60

Bases

Question 61

the process of using chemical substances to resist changes in pH

Answer 61

Buffering

Question 62

the maintenance of a stable acid-base balance in the body

Answer 62

Acid-Base Homeostasis

Question 63

excessive acid production of insufficient base, leading to a low blood pH

Answer 63

Metabolic acidosis

Question 64

excessive base or insufficient acid, leading to a high blood pH

Answer 64

Metabolic alkolosis

Question 65

retention of CO2, leading to a low blood pH

Answer 65

Respiratory acidosis

Question 66

Excessive removal of CO2, leading to a high blood pH

Answer 66

Respiratory alkalosis

Question 67

a special solution that stops massive changes in pH levels

Answer 67

buffer