Final Exam #2

Question 1

Controversial issues related to technology

Answer 1

1. Availability
2. Cost
3. Self determination
4. Quality of life
5. Prolonging death
6. Cloning
7. Stem cell research
8. Transplants

Question 2

Medicine in Hippocrates

Answer 2

Elements

1. BlackBile
2. Yellow bile
3. Phlegm
4. Blood

Death is natural
Do not prolong death

Question 3

Modern medicine

Answer 3

Holistic
Preserve and cure
Challenge death and prolong life

Question 4

Earth ethics

Answer 4

1. Our health depends on earths health

Question 5

What can nurses do for the earth?

Answer 5

1. Respect and care for earths bounty
2. Ecological integrity
3. Social and economic justice
4. Promote democracy, nonviolence and peace

Question 6

Health insurance in the past

Answer 6

1920s healthcare industry grew

1930s developed health insurance plans

1940-1960s health insurance cost increased rapidly (passed medicare)

Question 7

Health insurance currently

Answer 7

Limited access to health care because of cost

2010 Patient protection and affordable care act

High cost can be contributed to the medicare passed in the 1960s. It removed the incentive for institutions and physician to keep cost down

Question 8

Administrative branch

Answer 8

*Rules and regulations

EX: prescriptive authority for advance practice nurses, implement mandatory standards of care, CDC new Ebola policies

Question 9

Judicial branch

Answer 9

*Influences health care professions through common law

. Ex: Roe vs. Wade

Question 10

Legislative branch

Answer 10

*Issues decided by federal or state laws

Ex: Medicare/Medicaid revisions; health insurance reform; issues r/t advance practice nursing

Question 11

Nurses influence on the health policy

Answer 11

1. Nurses are interested in politics
2. Nurses are voting population
3. Nurses can be bridges between clinicians and policy makers
4. Nurses can support candidates
5. Nurses can be involved in policy formulation

Question 12

Utilitarian

Answer 12

“Greatest good for greatest number”

Question 13

Libertarian

Answer 13

“Each individual has right to protect their property”

-disagrees with obamacare

Question 14

Communitarian

Answer 14

“Places community at center of value system”

Question 15

Children in poverty

Answer 15

• poor nutrition
• disease
• chronic illness
• drugs
• mental illness

Poverty and health care intricately related

Question 16

How health disparities exist in the elderly:

Answer 16

1. Higher socioeconomic groups live up to 20 years longer
2. Minorities live without pensions and on incomes below poverty level
3. Elder abuse is on the rise worldwide (4-6%)

Question 17

Impediments to intervening with vulnerable groups

Answer 17

• Victim blaming

* Language of violence

Question 18

Caring for LGBT patients

Answer 18

i. More likely to receive substandard health care
ii. Reluctant to inform about orientation for fear of hostility or prejudice (resulting in deficiencies of care)
iii. Solution: use gender-neutral language (“partner”), assure confidentiality, and ask specific questions about sex practices. Be sensitive to creating an environment that encourages open dialogue

Question 19

Barriers to empowerment

Answer 19

• anxiety
• mistrust
• apathy
• resources
• economic
• political factors
• fear of change

Question 20

Fostering empowerment

Answer 20

1. Role-model self-empowerment
2. Identify what patient perceives as empowering
3. Offer opportunities for choice
4. Assist in setting and reaching goals
5. Help patient acquire knowledge and skills
6. Design strategies within sociocultural context

Question 21

Whistle blowing

Answer 21

-publicly speaking out about questionable practices
- last resort
Legal protection for whistle blower