Final Exam 2021 Flashcards

Question

Flower Piece

Answer 1

a collection of artfully arranged flowers, often not in bloom at the same time, made from careful studies of botanical illustrations. carries vanitas theme + moral message

Answer 2

- Pietro da Cortona - Italian Baroque - structured around a vaultlike skeleton of architecture painted in quadratura that appears to be attached to the actual cornice of the room - The subject is an elaborate allegory of the virtues of the pope - located in the Barberini palace - message →pope = getting eternal life because divine provitence told immprotality and the stars that he is worthy of this because ha has overcome all vices - allegories of political and spirtual authority of papacy - bees = Barberini family - keys = saint peter

Answer 3

- Gianlorenzo Bernini - (Italian Baroque) - exemplifies the Baroque objective to create multimedia works*—combining architecture, sculpture, and sometimes painting as well—that defy simple categorization** - gigantic corner columns symbolize the union of Christianity and its Jewish tradition; the vine of the Eucharist climbs the twisted columns associated with the Temple of Solomon (Old Testament) - marks the site of the tomb of St. Peter (New Testament) - serves as a tribute to Urban VIII and his family, the Barberini, whose emblems are prominently displayed—honeybees and suns on the tasseled panels and laurel leaves on the climbing vines (New Testement) - Located in St. Peter's Bascilica - Comissioned by Pope Urban VIII

Answer 4

- could accommodate a lot of folks, welcoming arms - looks like key → shape → St. Peter's symbol = key - “motherly arms of the Church” reaching out to the world - Designed by Donato Bramante, Michelangelo, Carlo Maderno and Gian Lorenzo Bernini - First Designed by Bramante (Asked by Julius II): centralized plan and the tall drum supporting a hemispheric dome recall Early Christian shrines built over martyrs’ relics, as well as ancient Roman circular temples --> who’s plan was in the form of a giant cross with a dome inspired by the Pantheon. - Michelangelo: simplified design → created single unified space covered by dome, A new central plan was constructed in order to accommodate a larger amount of people - Pope Paul V Borghese commissioned Carlo Maderno (1556–1629) to provide the church with a longitudinal nave and a new façade - colonade on outside done by bernini

Answer 5

- Caravaggio - Italian Baroque - powerful frank relaism, theatrical spotlightughting + dramatic gestures introudced to roman barqoue painting - an intense light enters paringint from upper ligith as if comign from chapels actual window above alter → highlights important features of this scene - underlying subject = conversion → common theme in coutner reformation art - Found in church of saint luigi dei Francesi, contarelli chapel - tenebrism → spotlight effect, extreme contrast between dark and light - spirtual symbolism = seperating eartly from divine through clothes +spirtural blindess → so concenred in money, don't notice when jesus comes up - Caravaggio = Known for dramatic realistic naturalism -> satisfied the Baroque demand for drama and clarity - He painted people he saw in the world around him—even the lowlife of Rome—and worked directly from models without elaborate drawings and compositional notes

Answer 6

- Hieronymus Bosch - subject of triptych ⇒ christian belief in the natural state of human sinfulness - owl symbolizes wisdom + folly - huge fruits → symbolic of fertility and sexual abandon - emphasis on right wing = torments of hell - one scholor proposed → central panel = parable on human salvation in which the practice of alchemy—the process that sought to turn common metals into gold—parallels Christ’s power to convert human dross into spiritual gold. In this theory, the bizarre fountain at the center of the lake in the middle distance can be seen as an alchemical “marrying chamber,” complete with the glass vessels for collecting the vapors of distillation - left = introduction of adam + eve, god giving life to humanity + paradise - middle = what life would be like if adam and eve never took bite of appel or warning aginst exist gluttony + lust - right = hell → pleasent acivities from centrl pannel = used for torture, punishment in hell - northern renisance -Others see the theme as the power of women over men. In this interpretation, the central pool is the setting for a display of seductive women and sex-obsessed men. Women frolic alluringly in the pool while men dance and ride in a mad circle trying to attract them. In this strange garden, men are slaves to their own lust = central pannel was sometimes referred to as the strawberry plant = represented the “vanity and glory and the passing taste of strawberries or the strawberry plant and its pleasant odor that is hardly remembered once it has passed.” Luscious fruits of obvious sexual symbolism—strawberries, cherries, grapes, and pomegranates—appear everywhere in the garden, serving as food, as shelter, and even as a boat. The message may be that human life is as fleeting and insubstantial as the taste of a strawberry

Answer 7

- Albrecht Durer - Northern Renaissance - eve = remisnict of hellanistic venus - adam =- remiscint of David - reflects his growing intrest in italian art theory + anatomy - depicts the priomedial + biblical couple before the fall as two ideal nudes → according to what he believed were perfect proportions derived form classical theories of beauty Iconography parrot:embodiment of wisdom and language → associated with adam, eve feeds the same -Apple + snake = original sin + temptation (associated with eve) - cat = prepares to jump on the mouse at adam's feet → the introduction of death into the world at the moment of the fall -mouse = satan or death -4 humors =when adam and eve = thrown out of garden → suffered an imbalnace of bodily humors = theory → body = made up of 4 humors (blood, yellow byle, black blye, phelm) - yellow byle = cat → leads to termperement of anger + pride -black byle = elk → melchonaly -blood = rabbit → lust -phelm → ox → sluggishness -copper engraving -Durer: went to italy, brought back italian infleunce to art of his region → atanomy based on greco roman models, idealism , geometric proportions -his woodcuts + engravings reflect the influence of the Italian Renissance -> religious subjects in realistic landscapes durer placed his signature on a placard hung on a tree branch in Adam's grasp → syombolizing wisdom? -represents his first documented use of ideal human proportions based on roman copies of ancient greek sculpture

Answer 8

- Matthias Grünewald (wings) + Nikolaus Hagenauer (central panels and predella) - Prayer was the principal source of solace and relief to the ill before the advent of modern medicine. - carved for the abbey of St. Anthony in Isenheim near Colmar where a hospital specialized in the care of patients with skin diseases, including the plague, leprosy, and St. Anthony’s Fire (caused by eating rye and other grains infected with the ergot fungus) - christs body = lasserations, body = tense -> boils of leposry - conveying idea that christ suffered + went to heaven, you will also follow - at the time = prayer = used for primary means for providing care to sick, altarpiece used to provide comfort - reminding the viewer that the body is only temporary - reinfocres message of healign + spritual salavtion through prayer - northern renissance

Answer 9

- Raphel - Italian High Renaissance - renissiance priciples of monumentality, harmony, + balance based on classical ideals → used in this painting - located in the Vatican - Raphel = self portrati in far right of painting - socrates → blue robe - aristolte gestures to surroundings = eprimcial world = basis for understanding - plato points upward → realm of ideas and pure forms = central to phislopshy - incoporating classical anqituity into contemporary christian society - greco roman philosphers = present → showing antiquity, putting them in confines of roman bath = the room there in - humanist learnign + education = withtin context of church - Commissioned by Pope Julius II to decorate the walls of his private library

Answer 10

Plato + Aristotle - plato = points up = symbolizes his philosphy → theory of forms, external exists above, is idea, somethign we don't get close to. Nature = us, eternal never changes up there, but here it can - Aristole = points down → truth in nature - To the left of the fresco, we can see mathematician Pythagoras studying a large tome (math developments) - Holding a sphere on the right side of the fresco is mathematician and astronomer Ptolemy. Ptolemy had attempted to use mathematical reasoning to explain the movement of the planets, holding court with a group of men that contains Raphael - Socrates/Alexander the Great (in green with blue robe) having a dialogue with, from right to left, a Greek, a Jew, a Roman, and a Barbarian -Apollo = god of rationale, athena godess of wisdom = both make apperiences as statues Heraclitus/michelangelo in purple robe in center sitting down -Euclid isbelieved to be based on the likeness of the Renaissance architect Bramante Accompanying the figures of Zoroaster (back is turned and holds a terrestrial globe) and Ptolemy (holds celestial globe) is Rapheael + his teacher Socrates is represented with a brown tunic to the left of plato DIOGENES= in blue tunic sitting on the ground leonardo da Vinci represented by Plato

Answer 11

-italian high renissance -Michelangelo - Michelangelo captures the moment when God charges the languorous Adam—in a pose adapted from the Roman river-god type—with the spark of life -adam’s heroic body, outstretched arm, and profile almost mirror those of God, in whose image he has been created -Patron: Pope Julius II - the papal chapel in the Vatican Palace - Sistine Chapel based on the Book of Genisis -The painting captures the scene of God breathing life into Adam who was to become the first man image = spiritual message that asserts God as creator of humanity

Answer 12

-Early Italian Renaissance -Florence, Tuscany -Archeietct = Arnolfo di Cambio --> designed it in a gothic style -Filippo Brunelleschi designed the dome design = shape of cross, a wide central nave -comissoned by Cosimo Medici + Opera del Duomo

Answer 13

Dome of Florence Cathedral solved the dome problem of the Florence Cathedral How did Brunelleschi come up with the shape for the dome? An egg / Dome is two domes within each other --> double shell massonary system the dome is a double shell of masonry patron = cosmo de medici profile of the dome = based on medievial pointed arch

Answer 14

- fra angelico - Early Italian Renaissance - located in the Monastery of San Marco - can see gothic internatonal style = graceful flowing lines, colors, facial expressions - renissance -> linear perspective + corinthian columns - symbolism → enclosed garden = symbol for mary's virginity - patron here = Cosmo De Medici

Answer 15

- Masaccio - Patrons = Domenico Lenzi and his wife (red robes show his poistion as a city council member ) - found in the church of Santa Maria Novella - Importance → first fresco to use linear perspective - vanishing point = at eye level → bottom of alter where the patrons are kenneling - painted in trompe L'oeil → is painted flat, but some of it looks 3 dimensional → illusion - skeleton = represents death → momento morri, is meant to be adam =according to christian legend = christ = crusified over the remains of adam - momento morri → insciprtion → once i was as you are, and one day you will be as I am - was meant to give the illusion of a stone funerary monument and altar table set below a deep aedicula:framed niche in a wall - painted architecture is an unusual combination of Classical orders. On the wall surface, Corinthian pilasters support a plain architrave below a cornice, while inside the niche Renaissance variations on Ionic columns support framing arches at the front and rear of the barrel vault - As in many scenes of the Crucifixion, Jesus is flanked by the Virgin Mary and John the Evangelist - Jesus on the cross, the dove of the Holy Spirit poised in downward flight above his tilted halo, and God the Father, who stands behind to support the cross from his perch on a high platform

Answer 16

- Early Northern Renaissance - Robert Campin - small scale → sugggests it was made for a private chapel The Annunciation of the central panel is set in a Flemish home and incorporates common household objects, many invested with symbolic religious meaning. - lilies in the majolica (glazed earthenware) pitcher on the table symbolize Mary’s virginity - The hanging water pot in the background niche refers to Mary’s purity and her role as the vessel for the Incarnation of God - mouse trap → christ as bate for the devil A rush of wind riffles the pages of the book, and snuffs the candle (the flame, symbolic of God’s divinity, extinguished at the moment he takes human form) as a tiny figure of Christ carrying a cross descends on a ray of light = incarnation Having accepted the miracle of the Incarnation, Mary reads her Bible while sitting humbly on the footrest of the long bench. Her position becomes a symbol of her submission to God’s will. -In the left wing of the triptych, the donors—presumably a married couple—kneel in an enclosed garden, another symbol of Mary’s virginity, before the open door of the house where the Annunciation is taking place such artworks =popular with Flemish patrons, allowed those who commissioned a religious work to appear in the same space and time, and often on the same scale, as religious figures - shows interior of home not church as setting for annuncation - church pew inside of the house - inutautive perspective not linear perspective right = joseph wood working, middle = annucniation w/iconography, left = donor and his wife ( Ingelbrecht family)

Answer 17

- Jan Van Eycke - Early Northern Renaissance - Jan van Eyck inscribe his name above the convex mirror (“Jan van Eyck was here 1434”) - his personal painting style also carries the stamp of authorship. Argument that this is a marriage Portrait (Traditional interpretation by Panofisfsky) - shoes off → symbolizes holy ground sacrid space - fruit → be fruitful + multiply - amber beads → purity - dog → fidelity, wealth, earthly love - broom = domesticicly - saint marget = present - mirror → convex, shows back of couple, circular shapes on mirror show scnes form life of christ confusing part = pregnant, no women would have themselves painted pregnant in wedding portrait 20th century interpretation - hairstyle + no eyebrows = fashion at burgadian court - dress = expensive green color + fabric - (Argument by Marget Carol) - headress = laced -> handmaid - dog = expensive breed - fruit = oranges = did not grow in Europe - mirrors and windows - understood as showing opulence + wealth = signaling social status Margret Koster interpretation -memorial portrait to a bride who died during childbirth dog = found on tomb sculptures -above and below her hands = wooden grostques = forsahdow death -candle over head = snuffed out

Answer 18

- Duccio di Buoninsegna - Proto Renaissance - Sienese Artist - altarpiece commissioned for Siena Cathedral - patron → opera del duomo - Maternity and the mother-son relationship = what its dedicated to - mary of heaven → showed on throne - this is narrative paitnig → telling stories of his life - features simultaneous or consetious narrative → telling a bunch of different stores at the same time - simultous narrative → one image telling alot of parts of the story/narrative at one time The Nativity with the Prophets Isaiah and Ezekiel -at bottom left of the front of the altarpiece (the predella) -at top → angeles telling message to sherpard → represenative of crhist beign here for common man -christ in manger inside of cave -homunculus jesus:wanted to convey idea that god = borne with wisdom + knlowedge of older man even at birth → depciting him as baby in diper does not do this = looks like little man instead of baby -Hierarchical scale= What is the compositional term for Mary’s size?

Answer 19

- commissioned by Enrico Scrovegni --> wanted to free his father from purgatory - Done by Florentine Artist Giotto di Bondone - traditional interpreation of this = proto rensiance → combines a little of byzantine characteristics but his work uses renissance naturalism - is on the site of an ancient Roman arena (or amphitheater)

Answer 20

At his mother's request, Jesus turns water into wine at a wedding feast, his first public miracle. It foreshadows the ritual of communion.

Answer 21

The sisters of Lazarus, Mary and Martha, inform Jesus that Lazarus is ill. Jesus delays his journey for a couple days, and by the time he gets there, Lazarus is already dead. Martha tells Jesus if he had come earlier her brother wouldn't have died, but Jesus told her to believe. Then, they went to his tomb and he said "Lazarus, come out!" and Lazarus came out.

Answer 22

Jesus's followers lament over his dead body after the Crucifixion.

Answer 23

After three days, Jesus rose from the dead and left his tomb. no me tangere → do not touch me, jesus says this to mary because he has not yet ascended would make him unlcean

Final Exam 2021 Flashcards

(47 cards)