Final Exam 2024

Question 1

Suspension of a person’s liberty by a significant
physical or psychological restraint is which one of
the following terms?
a) Arrest
b) Detention
c) Apprehension
d) Answer not supplied

Answer 1

Detention

Question 2

Investigative detention Is a situation where
reasonable grounds to arrest a person are absent
a) True
b) False

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Which One of the following precedent setting
cases does not involve Investigative Detention as
per the lecture in class?
a) R vs Mann
b) R vs Suberu
c) R vs Grant
d) R vs Oickle

Answer 3

R vs Oickle

Question 4

Which of the following statements is not part of
Section 10 of the Charter of Rights when arrested?
a) to be informed promptly of the reasons therefore

b) to retain and instruct counsel without delay and to
be informed of that right; and

c) to have the validity of the detention determined by
way of habeas corpus and to be released if the
detention is not lawful.

d) to appear in court in a timely fashion and a fair
trial.

Answer 4

to appear in court in a timely fashion and a fair trial.

Question 5

Which of the following terms is defined as that
which establishes or tends to establish a person’s
guilt?
a) Confession
b) Inculpatory
c) Exculpatory
d) Hold Off Duty

Answer 5

Inculpatory

Question 6

A Voir Dire is held after the completion of a Trial.
a) True
b) False

Answer 6

False

Question 7

The responsibility to prove the voluntariness of a
statement for the purpose of the court process is
which one of the following?
a) Officer in charge
b) Crown Attorney
c) Judge
d) Defence Attorney

Answer 7

Crown Attorney

Question 8

When establishing voluntariness of a statement
the operating mind has a low threshold according
to course content.
a) True
b) False

Answer 8

True

Question 9

The interview of Colonel Williams took place in
which of the following locations?
a) Orillia – OPP Headquarters
b) Ottawa Police Station
c) Peterborough – OPP Detachment
d) Toronto Police Headquarters

Answer 9

Ottawa Police Station

Question 10

The Confession of Colonel Williams video
revealed the following facts, which one statement
is incorrect.
a) His DNA was at one or more of the scenes.

b) His tire tracks were at the scene of one or more of
the scenes.

c) His shoe prints were at the scene of one or more of
the crimes

d) He was responsible for the death of three victims.

Answer 10

He was responsible for the death of three victims.

Question 11

Reasonable grounds is defined as a set of ______
or _______ that exceeds mere suspicion, which
one statement is correct.
a) ideas, incidents
b) incidents, events
c) facts, circumstances
d) evidence, facts

Answer 11

facts, circumstances

Question 12

Reasonable grounds is further defined as and
which, if true, would lead an ordinary, prudent and
cautious person to have a ___________ as to the
identity of the accused and/or as to a suspect
having committed a breach or violation of statute
law. Which one statement is correct.

a) strong belief
b) reasonable doubt
c) mere suspicion
d) answer not supplied

Answer 12

strong belief

Question 13

The case governing the admissibility of the
results of a polygraph test is which one of the
following?
a) R vs. Oickle
b) R vs. Suberu
c) R vs. Grant
d) R vs. Beland

Answer 13

R vs. Beland

Question 14

Creating a complete electronic record of
interviews allows for confidence in the
admissibility of the statement in a judicial
process.
a) True
b) False

Answer 14

True

Question 15

inculpatory statements can be admissible after a
failed polygraph test depending upon the
circumstances.
a) True
b) False

Answer 15

True

Question 16

Nothing should be admitted into evidence unless
it is relevant to the charge according to case law.
a) True
b) False

Answer 16

True

Question 17

Officer notebooks prepared in relation to their
duties are the property of?
a) The Officer
b) The City
c) The Police Service
d) The Province

Answer 17

The police service

Question 18

The Qualities of a Good Investigator as listed in
Module One are all but one of the following?
a) Creative
b) Attention to detail
c) Motivated
d) Experienced

Answer 18

Experienced

Question 19

The Jian Gomeshi Video had how many
complainants provide evidence during the trial?
a) 2
b) 3
c) 4
d) 1

Answer 19

3

Question 20

A theory is a tentative idea or explanation about
how something happened or about how something
works that an investigator uses to help guide his
or her inquiries.
a) True
b) False

Answer 20

False

Question 21

Complainant/witness interviews are the primary
source of evidence available to investigators
during an investigation?
a) True
b) False

Answer 21

True

Question 22

Someone who gives information to the police for
something in return, such as money, which of the
following terms is correct?
a) Witness
b) Informant
c) Confidential Informant
d) Agent

Answer 22

Informant

Question 23

According to the Canada Evidence Act - No person
is incompetent, or uncompellable, to testify for the
prosecution by reason only that they are married
to the accused?
a) True
b) False

Answer 23

True

Question 24

The video of the van attack on Yonge Street
involved the accused offering what diagnosis to
defend himself during the trial?
a) Schizophrenia
b) Depression
c) Bipolar
d) Autism

Answer 24

Autism

Question 25

The case of the murder of Clive Brown was presented in class and part of the power point presentation from Module One. The primary reason the case was solved was describe as a) Witness information provided b) DNA match to suspect c) CCTV Camera evidence d) Other source not provided

Answer 25

Witness information provided

Question 26

Which Theory is not mentioned memory lecture in Module Two? a) Freudian Theory b) Videotape Theory c) Rehearsal Theory d) Biological Theory

Answer 26

Rehearsal Theory

Question 27

The video "A long Way Home" involved a girl who was? which statement is true. a) A graduate student b) Victim of sexual assault c) Was stabbed to death d) Attack in her house

Answer 27

A graduate student

Question 28

The stages of information processing are? a) Receiving, Interpreting and Execution b) Intake, Interpretation & Action c) Inspect, Processing & Action d) Rehearsal, Integration & Meaningful Interpretation

Answer 28

Rehearsal, Integration & Meaningful Interpretation

Question 29

Which memory Theory presented in class involved an unconscious processes primarily memories of traumatic childhood experiences that influence current behavior. a) Freudian Theory b) Videotape Theory c) Rehearsal Theory d) Biological Theory

Answer 29

Freudian Theory

Question 30

Which of the following memory Theories involves updated version of the Freudian Model according to Module 2? a) Biological Theory b) Videotape Theory c) Connectionist Theory d) Answer not supplied

Answer 30

Videotape Theory

Question 31

Working memory is also described as long-term memory. a) True b) False

Answer 31

False

Question 32

The Connectionist Model involves memories stored in overlapping networks of neural connections a) True b) False

Answer 32

True

Question 33

An individual is actively listening when he or she is focused on all verbal and does not include non- verbal communications being conveyed. a) True b) False

Answer 33

False

Question 34

Which of the following techniques is not mention as an original technique of the Cognitive interview a) Change Order b) Change Perspective c) Context Reinstatement d) Hypnosis

Answer 34

Hypnosis

Question 35

The Polygraph does not measure which one of the following? a) Heart rate b) Blood pressure c) Respiration d) Brain waves

Answer 35

Brain waves

Question 36

What is the fourth step in the enhanced cognitive interview process? a) Initiate a free narrative b) Questioning c) Varied & Extensive retrieval d) Answer not supplied

Answer 36

Questioning

Question 37

Polygraph: is an electronic device used to measure the body’s physiological and psychological responses to questions. a) True b) False

Answer 37

False

Question 38

Subject may have strong physiological response to relevant questions even if they are not guilty. a) True b) False

Answer 38

True

Question 39

Which of the following term is the systematic differences exist between truthful and deceptive accounts provided by witnesses and victims. It can assist with deterring investigative tunnel vision and provide area’s requiring further investigation or inquiry? a) Investigative application b) Statement Analysis c) Behavior Analysis d) None of the supplied terms

Answer 39

Investigative application

Question 40

The number one reason why suspects confess is which one of the following? a) The perception of the evidence against the suspect b) The conscience of the suspect c) The time it takes to apprehend the suspect. d) The tenacity of the investigators during the interview

Answer 40

The perception of the evidence against the suspect

Question 41

The matter of credibility of evidence in a court of law is determined by which of the following, which is the most correct answer?. a) Judge only b) Jury only c) Polygraph only d) Both a & b

Answer 41

Both a & b

Question 42

The video of Colonel Williams statement involved DNA evidence obtained from him, which of the following methods was used to obtain his DNA? a) Search warrant b) Incident to his arrest c) Voluntarily from him d) Discard sample

Answer 42

Voluntarily from him

Question 43

There is conclusive evidence to support that body movement is an indicator of deception. It can lead to a course of inquiry to the causation. However, to concluded deception based on hand movement for example would greatly over exaggerate the reason for the movement. a) True b) False

Answer 43

False

Question 44

Most criminal investigations are solved through interviews of witnesses, victims/complainants, suspects? a) True b) False

Answer 44

True

Question 45

WHAT is TUNNEL VISION?

Answer 45

The single-minded and overly narrow focus on a particular investigation or prosecutorial theory, so as to unreasonably colour the evaluation of information received and ones conduct in response to that information.

Question 46

What are the results of tunnel vision?

Answer 46

-Not following information to proper conclusion. * apprehension of innocent person. * Decreases public confidence * Decreases public safety. * Etc.

Question 47

WHY IT IS DIFFICULT TO AVOID COMMON INVESTIGATIVE ERRORS EVEN WHEN YOU ARE AWARE OF THEM?

Answer 47

* Misunderstanding Information * Witness contamination * Lack of time * Public scrutiny * Lack of resources * Information overflow * Etc.

Question 48

STRATEGIES INVESTIGATORS CAN USE TO MINIMIZE COGNITIVE BIAS AND REDUCE THE RISK OF DEVELOPING TUNNEL VISION.

Answer 48

* Team approach * Oversight * Separate set of eyes to review * Case Management conferences * Complete interviews of all witnesses. * Etc

Question 49

IDENTIFICATION FOR COURT PROCESS

Answer 49

Photo line up

Question 50

CORE RULES FOR PHOTO LINEUPS 1-4

Answer 50

1. Independent Officer (double-blind) 2. Witness should be advised that the actual perpetrator may not be in the lineup 3. The suspect should not stand out 4. Witness’s comments should be recorded verbatim and if possible recorded by audio or video taping

Question 51

Core rules for photo lineups 5-7

Answer 51

5. Remove witness after administering lineup to avoid contaminating. 6. Show-ups should be used only in rare circumstances. 7. Photos should be provided sequentially, and not as a package

Question 52

DESCRIBE POLYGRAPH TESTING, THE ASSUMPTION BEHIND IT, AND THE DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES THAT POLYGRAPH EXAMINERS USE

Answer 52

Polygraph: is an electronic device used to measure the body’s physiological response to questions. * (heart rate, respiration, blood pressure and galvanic skin response. Other system measure blood volume and sphincter muscle tension.)

Question 53

RELEVANT/IRRELEVANT QUESTIONS

Answer 53

Relevant: Your name is Mark Armstrong? You work for Ford Company? * Irrelavant: Did your kill Mark Armstrong? Do you know where the body of Mark Armstrong is? * Subject may have strong physiological response to relevant questions even if they are not guilty.

Question 54

Describe what the “control” questions are:

Answer 54

Examinee is directed to answer “No”

Question 55

Describe what the “guilty-knowledge” test questions are:

Answer 55

Examiner has intimate knowledge of crime such as method, location, conditions or injuries -This technique eliminates the problem of general anxiety.

Question 56

– R. V. BELAND 1987

Answer 56

The matter of credibility is a fact that the trier of fact(Judge or Jury) consider. * Machine driven result may carry to much weight with a non-expert Judge or jury

Question 57

What are the two benefits of establishing rapport with a polygraph examinee before the polygraph equipment is set up?

Answer 57

1. obtaining person’s trust and cooperation * 2. Asking questions that will serve as controls

Question 58

Hold off duty

Answer 58

duty of a police officer not to question a suspect about the offence under investigation for the purposes of attempting to gather incriminating information until the suspect ahs had the opportunity to talk to a lawyer

Question 59

duty of a police officer not to question a suspect about the offence under investigation for the purposes of attempting to gather incriminating information until the suspect ahs had the opportunity to talk to a lawye

Answer 59

hold off duty

Question 60

Confession

Answer 60

admission to all the elements of an offence, including the mental element

Question 61

admission to all the elements of an offence, including the mental element

Answer 61

confession

Question 62

that which establishes or tends to establish a person’s guilt

Answer 62

Inculpatory

Question 63

Inculpatory

Answer 63

that which establishes or tends to establish a person’s guilt

Question 64

that which clears or tends to clear a person of guilt

Answer 64

Exculpatory

Question 65

Exculpatory

Answer 65

that which clears or tends to clear a person of guilt

Question 66

Voire dire

Answer 66

a trial within a trial to determine the admissibility of evidence

Question 67

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN AN INTERVIEW AND AN INTERROGATION

Answer 67

Interview-a structured conversation between a witness, victim or suspect and an investigator, in which an investigator asks a series of questions in order to elicit information from the witness, victim or suspect about something they have observed, experienced, did or have knowledge about. * Interrogation-an accusatory process, the primary purpose of which is to elicit a confession from a suspect who is believed to be responsible for the offence under investigation.

Question 68

Interview

Answer 68

a structured conversation between a witness, victim or suspect and an investigator, in which an investigator asks a series of questions in order to elicit information from the witness, victim or suspect about something they have observed, experienced, did or have knowledge about

Question 69

Interrogation

Answer 69

an accusatory process, the primary purpose of which is to elicit a confession from a suspect who is believed to be responsible for the offence under investigation.

Question 70

Section 10

Answer 70

Section 10 of the charter states: Everyone has the right on arrest or detention a) to be informed promptly of the reasons therefore; b) to retain and instruct counsel without delay and to be informed of that right; and c) to have the validity of the detention determined by way of habeas corpus and to be released if the detention is not lawful.

Question 71

best practice approach, focus on information and using information to challenge suspect statements

Answer 71

peace model

Question 72

4 stages of Peace model

Answer 72

1.Preparation and Planning 2. Engage and Explain 3. Account 4. Closure and Evaluation

Question 73

Reciprocity

Answer 73

form bond with suspect by being polite and decent (e.g., getting them a coffee); similar to rapport

Question 74

Management sequence:

Answer 74

-Is the management component of CM * For uncooperative subjects, interviewer takes a more active role * Manage interviews course, conduct, and content

Question 75

ensure interview progresses through PEACE process

Answer 75

course

Question 76

ensure both are speaking and listening to each other

Answer 76

Conduct:

Question 77

ensure objectives are met; get maximum amount of info

Answer 77

Content:

Question 78

EXPLAIN THE CONNECTION BETWEEN THE VOLUNTARINESS OF A STATEMENT AND ITS ADMISSIBILITY. IDENTIFY FACTORS THE COURTS WILL CONSIDER IN DETERMINING WHETHER A STATEMENT MADE BY AN ACCUSED IS ADMISSIBLE OR NOT.

Answer 78

-They are made voluntarily The accused was given his/her charter rights

Question 79

ESTABLISHING VOLUNTARINESS

Answer 79

Free from improper inducements from the police By an accused who possessed an “operating mind” Free from oppressive circumstances Free from any improper police trickery

Question 80

When an inducement is made by a person in authority, the resulting statement will be inadmissible if:

Answer 80

-The inducement is something the accused believes is in police control. It is a strong enough inducement to raise doubt about whether his/her “will has been overcome.”

Question 81

A low threshold: “does not imply a higher degree of awareness...” “no inquiry is necessary as to whether the accused is capable of making a good or wise choice or one that is in his/her interest.

Answer 81

operating minds

Question 82

Depriving the suspect of food, clothing, water, sleep or medical attention. Denying access to legal counsel Excessively aggressive, intimidating questioning for a prolonged period of time

Answer 82

OPPRESSION

Question 83

R. vs. Rothman

Answer 83

“... the authorities, in dealing with shrewd and often sophisticated criminals must sometimes by necessity resort to tricks or other forms of deceit.”

Question 84

Trickery cannot be used to frustrate the accused’s Charter right to counsel. The courts will not tolerate investigators playing games with that right. True or false

Answer 84

True