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Marine Mammalogy > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Why the ‘right’ whale?

A
  • Near to shore
  • Swim slowly
  • Floated when died
  • Large amounts of oil and baleen
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2
Q

Right whales

A
  • 13-16m
  • Girth is 60% of length
  • 80 tons
  • No dorsal fin
  • Large round flippers
  • V-shaped blow
  • Large, wide flukes (40% of body length)
  • Large head (1/4-1/3 body length)
  • Severely arched jaw
  • Very long, narrow baleen (6-10’)
  • Feed on copepods
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3
Q

Identifying marks of right whales

A

Callosities

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4
Q

Types of right whales

A

Southern right whale
North Pacific right whale
North Atlantic right whale

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5
Q

Southern right whale

A

Summer: Southern Ocean
Winter (breeding): South America, Southern Africa, Australia & New Zealand
Population: 7000-8000 (7-8% increase/year)
Typical behaviours: breaching, sailing

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6
Q

North Pacific right whales

A

Sightings: Bering Sea, Sea of Okhotsk
Population: 100-300
World’s most endangered marine mammal

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7
Q

North Atlantic right whale

A

Temperate and subpolar waters: Western North Atlantic (Gulf of Maine and off NS to Florida and Georgia) & Eastern North Atlantic (Spain, Norway, Iceland to off West Africa)
Behaviours: Breaching, Surface Active Groups
Population: 450-500 (0.08% increase/year)

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8
Q

Why are right whales considered the ‘urban whale”?

A

Recovery hindered by diminished reproduction and high mortality

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9
Q

Right whale reproductive challenges

A
  • increasing inter-calf interval
  • decrease calves/year
  • 25% mature females, no calf
  • age at first calving increasing
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10
Q

Main causes of death in right whales

A
  1. Vessel strikes

2. Entanglement in commercial fishing gear

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11
Q

Vessel strikes (right whales)

A
  • lethal and non-lethal impacts
  • large vessel strikes are normally always fatal and instantaneous
  • float when they die
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12
Q

Entanglement in fishing gear (right whales)

A
  • 70% have entanglement scares
  • 15% observed with new scars/year
  • causes them to sink when they die
  • slow, very painful death
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13
Q

Right whale recovery in Canada

A
  • Recovery team created in 1996
  • Listed under SARA in 2005
  • Strategy published in 2009
  • Action plan was expected in 2012
  • Amended shipping lanes in the Bay of Fundy
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14
Q

Sperm whale facts

A
  • largest toothed whale
  • greatest cetacean sexual dimorphism (11m/10t-17m/30t)
  • longest intestine on earth
  • Spermaceti organ
  • Asymmetric
  • largest brain on earth
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15
Q

Sperm whale life history

A
  • calving rate: 0.2-0.25/yr
  • female maturity: 10yr
  • male maturity: 15yr (sexual), 27yr (social)
  • gestation: 15 months
  • lactation: 4yr
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16
Q

Sperm whale habitat

A
  • almost all waters deeper than 1000m

- correlated with productivity

17
Q

Sperm whale food

A

Midwater and deepwater squid and fish

18
Q

Sperm whale predators

A
  • Orcas
  • Large sharks
  • Humans
19
Q

Sperm whale social structure

A
  • Social unit (10 individuals)
  • Group (20 individuals of 2 units)
  • Coda clans (10,000s of females)
20
Q

Sperm whale community (female)

A
  • move and travel together
  • babysit others’ calves
  • suckle others’ calves
  • defend communally
  • heroism when attacked
21
Q

Sperm whale codas

A
  • patterned series of clicks
  • used for communication
  • made mainly by adult females
  • different repertoires
  • example of culture
22
Q

Male sperm whale

A
  • leave group at 6
  • continue growing until 35-60
  • higher latitude as he gets older
  • loose bachelor groups
  • returns to breed (27yr)
  • roving breeding
23
Q

Beaked whale facts

A
  • 21 species in 6 genera
  • least known of all mammalian species
    3. 5-12m
  • beak
  • pair of throat grooves
  • prey on squid and fish
  • flipper pockets
  • very elusive (most)
  • live offshore (many)
  • deep-divers
  • 2 teeth at tip of lower jaw (most males)
24
Q

Types of beaked whales

A
  1. Cuvier’s beaked whale (Ziphius)
  2. Sheperd’s beaked whale (Tasmacetus)
  3. Longman’s beaked whale (Indopacetus)
  4. Arnoux’s beaked whale (Berardius)
  5. Baird’s beaked whale (Berardius)
  6. Gervais’ beaked whale (Mesoplodon)
  7. Sowerby’s beaked whale (Mesoplodon)
  8. Densebeaked whale (Mesoplodon)
  9. Hector’s beaked whale (Mesoplodon)
  10. Andrews’ beaked whale (Mesoplodon)
  11. Strap-tooth whale (Mesoplodon)
  12. Grays beaked whale (Mesoplodon)
  13. Perrin’s beaked whale (Mesoplodon)
  14. Bottlnose whale (Hyperoodon)

Marine Mammalogy (1 decks)

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