Final Exam

Question 1

2 components of motivation

Answer 1

arousal and direction

Question 2

Arousal

Answer 2

general physiological or psychological activation, varying from deep sleep to excitement

Question 3

Anxiety

Answer 3

negative emotional state where nervousness, worry, and apprehension are associated with body activation

Question 4

State Anxiety

Answer 4

temporary, changing emotional state of subjectively perceived feelings of apprehension & tension associated with activation

Question 5

Trait Anxiety

Answer 5

behavioral disposition to perceive non-dangerous situations as threatening & respond with high state anxiety

Question 6

Stress

Answer 6

imbalance between demand and response capability, where failure to meet demand has important consequences

Question 7

Steps in Anxiety Management

Answer 7

Assess the athlete’s behavior.
Develop self-awareness of best and worst performances.
Evaluate the athlete’s appraisal of arousal.
Differentiate cognitive & somatic anxiety effects.
Identify the athlete’s Zone of Optimal Functioning (ZOF, Hanin, 1983).
Match intervention to anxiety symptoms.
Practice the interventions in non-stressful practice, & then more stressful competitions before highly stressful competitions

Question 8

Group Cohesion

Answer 8

Total forces causing members to remain in a group

Question 9

Group

Answer 9

Collection of people whose activities relate to one another in a systematic fashion toward some end

Question 10

Team

Answer 10

Any group of people who interact to accomplish shared objectives (goals)

Question 11

Roles

Answer 11

set of behaviors required or expected of person in certain position in a group

Question 12

Norms

Answer 12

expected level of performance (e.g., productivity), set pattern of behavior (positive), belief

Question 13

Ringlemann effect

Answer 13

Individual performance decreases as group size increases

Question 14

Social Loafing

Answer 14

Individuals in group put forth less than 100% effort due to losses in motivation

Question 15

Leadership

Answer 15

Behavioral process of influencing individuals & groups toward set goals

Either appointed by administrator or emerging naturally

Question 16

Mental Toughness

Answer 16

Athlete’s ability to focus, rebound from failure, cope with pressure, determination to persist in adversity, have mental resilience

Question 17

Applied Sport Psychology

Answer 17

Study of how psychological factors influence performance & how participation influences the psychological makeup of the athlete

Question 18

Mental Skills Training

Answer 18

Procedures that enhance an athlete’s ability to use his or her mind effectively and readily in the execution of sport-related goals

Question 19

SMARTER Goal Model

Answer 19

SPECIFIC
MEASUREABLE
ACHIEVEABLE
REALISTIC
TIMED
ENJOYABLE
REWARDED

Question 20

Goals

Answer 20

Dreams that are acted upon, a learned skill:
Positive
Specific
Under your control

Question 21

Outcome Goals

Answer 21

Based on outcome of event; involves interpersonal comparison; important in long-term training; not under personal control!

Question 22

Performance Goals

Answer 22

Specify end product of independent achievement; improves sense of control & achievement; e.g., Personal best in race

Question 23

Process Goals

Answer 23

Specify process in which performer engages in during event; maintains quality, reduce anxiety, focuses on present; e.g., Concentrating on improved leg technique during high jump

Question 24

Imagery

Answer 24

a mental process including many senses

Question 25

Mental Practice

Answer 25

a psychological technique that may or may not include imagery

Question 26

Psychoneuromuscular Feedback

Answer 26

Imagery activates same neuromuscular pathways as regular movement & feedback to brain

Question 27

Symbolic Learning

Answer 27

Imagery allows for cognitive planning & preparation

Question 28

Psychological Skills Hypothesis

Answer 28

Develops & refines mental skills that improve performance

Question 29

Ahsen's Triple Code Theory

Answer 29

Image, somatic & meaning components; virtually untested, similar to Lang’s Bio-Informational theory

Question 30

Lang’s Bio-informational Theory of Emotional Imagery

Answer 30

Image: Functionally organized finite set of propositions stored in brain Proposition: Meaning that is contained in a collection of words, not the collection of words themselves

Question 31

PETTLEP Model

Answer 31

``` Physical Environment Task Timing Learning Emotion Perspective ```

Question 32

PRINCIPLES FOR EFFECTIVE IMAGERY USE: ‘4 Rs’

Answer 32

Relaxation, Realism, Regularity, Reinforcement

Question 33

Self-Confidence

Answer 33

Belief that you can successfully perform a desired behavior

Question 34

Trait Self Confidence

Answer 34

belief or degree of certainty that individuals usually possess about their ability to be successful in sport

Question 35

State Self Confidence

Answer 35

belief or certainty that individuals possess at a particular moment about their ability to be successful in sport

Question 36

Self Efficacy

Answer 36

Perception of one’s ability to perform a task successfully

Question 37

ABC of Irrational Behavior

Answer 37

A- activating event B- your thinking C- feelings and behavior

Question 38

ABC of Rational Behavior

Answer 38

D- objective event E- rational thinking F- desired feeling

Question 39

BELIEF

Answer 39

``` Best Performances Encouragement Live Models Imagine Success Emotional Control Fitness Control ```

Question 40

Attention

Answer 40

A process of perceiving internal/external stimuli

Question 41

Concentration

Answer 41

narrow focus of attention

Question 42

Aggression

Answer 42

Any form of behavior directed toward the goal of harming or injuring another living being who is motivated to avoid such treatment

Question 43

Hostile Aggression

Answer 43

primary goal (intent) is to injure another (reinforced by suffering, accompanied by anger)

Question 44

Instrumental Aggression

Answer 44

intent to harm, but goal is to win or gain external reward (obtaining goal reinforces behavior)

Question 45

Assertive Behavior

Answer 45

no intent to harm; use legitimate physical or verbal force to achieve purpose; any injury is incidental

Question 46

Instinct Theory of Aggression

Answer 46

Aggression is an innate biological drive. Aggression results in purging/release of pent-up emotions (‘catharsis’) Sport provides a safe & socially acceptable outlet for aggression

Question 47

Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis

Answer 47

Aggression is a natural consequence of frustration The strength of the tendency to aggress is related to the strength, degree, & number of frustrations Overt aggression may act as a catharsis or release vs. further aggression

Question 48

Social Learning Theory

Answer 48

The need for aggression is a learned response. Aggression begets further aggression. Aggression does not serve as a catharsis against further aggression

Question 49

Revised Frustration-Aggression Theory

Answer 49

Frustration not always lead to aggression, but increases arousal & anger and likelihood of aggression (Berkowitz, 1969) only if social learned cues signal appropriateness of aggressive response