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Final Exam Flashcards

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0
Q

What is intelligence?

A

Ability to make adjustments or modify old processes

Learning is closely related to intelegence

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1
Q

What did Darwin believe about evolution as how does it apply to learning?

A

According to Darwin evolution is both physical and mental

We have evolved in our ability to learn wonder as reason.

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2
Q

Cognition

A

Knowledge of thinking
Often a casual discourse that is VOLUNTARY DELIBERATE and CONSCIOUS
Ex) did I leave the coffee pot on?

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3
Q

What can cognition cause

A

It can cause actions that may not be explained by external stimuli alone
Ex) turning around to check coffee pot

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4
Q

Cognitive Ethoglogy

A

Animals are capable of conscious thought and intention

Ex. Clever Hans the horse could “spell” tell time and calculate fractions based on reactions from his owner

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5
Q

Animal Cognition

A

Models and constructs used to explain behaviors not characterized by S-R associations

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6
Q

Give an example of animal cognition

A

Elephants displayed “self awareness” not accounted for by S-R learning through a mental representation

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7
Q

What was the mirror enclosure experiment and what did it prove?

A

Monkeys, and elephant were marked over their eye with out being told then placed in from of a mirror
They touched the mark accounting for reflection too
This prove the animals have self awareness
Works for all apes

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8
Q

What is the difference between combining classical learning ad behavior and cognition and behavior

A

Classical learning and behavior is S-R related and the environment influenced behavior but cognition creates a behavior from inferred info as the environment leads to a mental representation in the mind to the behavior

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9
Q

Are learning and cognition in opposition to one another?

A

Not necessarily
The CS is thought to evoke a “mental representation” of the US
The R-O and S-O associations are internal

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10
Q

What is memory

A

The ability to respond to or recount information that was experienced earlier
Who was your 1st grade teacher?
Playing tennis
Pets remembering how to get home

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11
Q

Components of Learning and Memory in order of increase of time

A

Acquisition- Retention- Retrieval

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12
Q

What is acquisition

A

Exposure to stimuli and information

The learning portion

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13
Q

Retention

A

Time period I which info is retained

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14
Q

Retrieval

A

Tests of memory for original experience

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15
Q

When to the components of learning and memory occur

Aka examples

A

Learning to ride a bike
Learning directions
Works for all memory

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16
Q

How do we distinguish between learning and memory?

A

Study’s of learning Involve manipulation of acquisition

Studies of memory focus on retention and retrieval

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17
Q

What kind of study would a person take if they looked into the change in retention and retrieval but acquisition was left constant

A

Memory

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18
Q

What kind of procedure would keep only acquisition as a variable and have retention and retrieval as constants

A

Learning

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19
Q

What experiment was done to study memory in animals

A

Subjects :raccoons, dogs, mixes
Phase 1: training - subjects placed in start box
A light went on above the baited box (out of 3)
Phase 2: memory task- subjects placed in start box
Light on above a box but they were delayed from entering
Results : dogs waited and went up to 5 minutes, raccoons 25 secs and mice 10 seconds before giving up

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20
Q

What do the results of the memory in animals study show

A

Working and reference memory were effected

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21
Q

Working memory

A

Operated when info needs to be maintained long enough to complete a task

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22
Q

Reference memory

A

Long term memory

Retention of info needed for the use of incoming and acquired info

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23
Q

Give an example of working memory

A

Remembering what you put in a Bloody Mary

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24
Example of reference memory
Remembering the items you already put in the Bloody Mary
25
Delayed matching to sample (dms)
The sample identifies the correct response on a trial The sample is removed b4 the subject is allowed to respond (delay) The subject is then asked to identify the matching sample for reinforcement
26
Non matching to sample
Same as the matching to sample experiment but supposed to not match to get reinforcement
27
What determines the accuracy of a memory | in terms of how long for presentation and delay
Experiment Pigeons were trained on DMS Test sample duration- 1,4,8,14 seconds Test sample trial delay - 0,20,40,60 seconds Results Accuracy increased as sample duration increased Accuracy decreased as same trial delay increased
28
Trace decay hypothesis
Presentation of the stimulus produces changes in the CNS (central nervous system ) that decay after the stimulus is removed
29
What happens to weak stimuli | Example
They decay quickly | Ex. What did you eat for lunch last Wednesday
30
What happens to strong stimuli | Example
Strong stimuli will be maintained in memory | Ex. What did you eat when you have food poisoning
31
Does training impact the DSM
Training on DSM Sample trial delay on 0,2,4,6 secs Trained to 80% correct Test DMS w/ 0-10 second sample trial delay Results Decay prominent in 0sec group But overall performance is bed when tested with training delay
32
What are the types of DMS tasks
General rule Specific rule Test of transfer Trials unique procedure
33
What is a general rule task
"Choose the stimulus that is the same as the sample"
34
What is the specific rule task
"Select green on green"
35
What is a test of transfer task
Once DMS is learned w/ 2 samples a new pair is employed Does the subject carry over the original rule A test of reference memory Ex) monkey shown pan as lock and key it generalizes over to ring and glass
36
What is trials unique procedures
On each trial different stimuli serve as matching and non matching samples Do they learn DMS
37
What is special about the Clark's Nutcracker
They collect and store pine seeds by driving them through into the ground They return months later to retrieve them under snow Up to 33,000 seeds in 2,500 caches may be revisited
38
What is a radial arm maze
``` Used in rodent spatial testing 8 arms with baited end ups Rodents placed in the center Allowed to pick up food Cups not replaced ```
39
What is learned from a radial arm maze
Part 1 ( learning and memory) Possible strategies - inefficient- random arm entrance - efficient - remember where visited
40
How do both the rodents and nutcrackers remember
Spatial memory requires an Internal map
41
What else can be used in an RAM to approach the correct arms
Extra maze cues Like light posters doors humans Switching the cues disrupts the performance ( aka turning the thing around would get opposite arms visited)
42
What happens if extra maze cues removed
Intramaze cues used to solve but they are less efficient
43
Does the maze guide the rodents
If walls of maze removed and rodents allowed to go where ever the choices would be Efficient ( going around edges from one to another ) Path (following the maze) Random Wall What actually happens is the start to head near the walls but inevitably follow the path
44
What is stimulus coding
The transformation of acquired information for retention and later retrieval
45
How do we code spatial information
``` A cognitive map but a vague one Navigational mechanisms are used - beacon following -landmarks -relation between landmarks ```
46
What is beacon following
Association of a beacon with a goal ( giant M at mcdonalds )
47
What is a landmark
Goal at a fixed point not the goal an associated with a stimulus
48
What is retrospective memory
Learning where you have been or has done | Learned by rats in radial arm maze experiment
49
What is prospective memory
Where you have yet to go or have to get to | Rats also learn in radial arm maze
50
What are some coding strategies for stimulus coding
Remember what you've had Remember what you have yet to try Don't try at all
51
What happens over time to retrospective memory
Memory load increases over time and gets harder to remember | Ex beer sampler - remember what you had
52
What happens to prospective memory overtime
Memory load decreases and it gets easier | Ex beer sampler remembering what you have yet to try
53
What are other ways to reduce memory load
Switching between retrospective and prospective Start with retrospective coding Switch to prospective coding
54
How were rats memory load effected on a 12 arm radial arm maze
Trained to criteria Pretest- rats allowed varying arm entires Test- 15 min delay Return to maze given choice between previously entered ally and new ally ( the correct choice) Results showed error increased on 1st 8 trials (retrospective) but decreased on 9 - 12 prospective
55
What did undergrads show about memory load
Students given 16 square grid Test - x moved square to square Delay of 5 secs Choice between 2 squares ( did it visit square a or b) Results Errors increased on 1st 8 ( retro) and decreased on 9-12 ( pro)
56
What is memory retention impacted by
An unpredictable extraneous stimulus ( interference) | Cues indicating whether something should or should not be remembered
57
Direct forgetting
A process by which info not relevant to a task is actively ignored R-cue - remembering cue F-cue- forgetting cue
58
Where does memory fall
Under stimulus control
59
What does the retrieval stage of memory have to do wth
Consolidation of material | Recovery of stored info use to guide behavior
60
Which type of memory is used for acquisition?
Working memory
61
Which type of memory is used for rent emotion
Both working and reference
62
Which type of memory is used for retrieval
Refrecnce
63
What is retrieval failure
The failure of memory in the healthy organism is most likely a result of retrieval failure than a loss of information
64
What are retrieval cues
Reminders that produce retrieval of memory | Stimuli present during acquisition can later serve as retrieval cues
65
What did the infant experiment show
6 month baby's placed in playpen with different liners They were trained with operant response to leg kick and then the mobile would move Tested 1 day post training Retention was best when liner the same as training ( retrieval cue) Lasted up to 14 days
66
What else is known about retrieval cues
Similar retrieval cues can receive opposite memories This is most common when the context is the retrieval cues Ex. Modulator experiment Bright context S+ (-) S- (I) Dim context S+ (I) S- (-) Or watering hole with elephants
67
Forgetting
Memory failure resulting w/ a lack of response in accordance w/ past experience or learning
68
Negative forgetting
Forgetting with a negative impact on performance
69
Positive forgetting
Positively impacts performance by increase response variety
70
What are the sources of forgetting
Proactive interference Retroactive interference Retrograde amnesia
71
Proactive interference
New memories disrupted by earlier exposure to other information
72
Retroactive interference
Old memories disrupted by subsequent exposure to other info
73
Retrograde amnesia
Graded memory loss of info close to the event that induced the loss Ex. Seizures black outs, concussions
74
What did the results of the rat concussion experiment show
Rats single avoidance trial Mild concussion then various training latency to visit shock side There was a reduced avoidance as concussion neared training
75
What is the map of memory
Sensory info->(perception)sensory memory->(attention) working memory-> (rehearsal/ consolidation <- retrieval ) long term memory
76
What did the second rat concussion experiment show
Post concussion a retrieval cue can reverse amnesia G1: avoided trial concussion after 1 min G2: avoided trial concussion after 1 minute + US alone pretest trial in novel environment. Results: G1 is amnesic G2: demonstrated avoidance Therefore retrieval was facilitated
77
Engram
Physical representation of learning and memory according to Lashley
78
What did Lashley do
Cut in the cortex of rats to see how it effected memory No single cut impaired learning Only amount removed predicted impairment
79
How is acquisition, retention and retrieval effected by neurology
Acquisition of knowledge engages unique nuero circuits Complex memories are stored in multiple areas Memories are retrieved from through out the brain
80
What is acquisition in terms of neurobiology
The strengthening of weakening of neural connections as a result of experience with the environment Attention is important in acquisition
81
What does stimulating the hippocampus do (strong)
Strong stimulation Is considered learning Long term potentiation (Ltp) Enhanced synaptic strength
82
Long term potentiation
Increase the efficient I memory paths Increases number of dendritric spine Increased size of dendritic spine heads Increased receptor density on dendritic spine heads
83
What does stimulating the hippocampus do (moderate)
Has no effect on synaptic strength Moderate activity No learning
84
What does stimulating the hippocampus do (weak)
Long term depression (ltd) Reduced synaptic strength Learning
85
What is retention in neurobiology terms
The permanent physical change in neural circuitry coding for information Once rehearsal conditions are met information is consolidated an retained in permanent memory stores
86
What is retrieval in neurobiology terms
The recollections of memories to working memory
87
What did medical stimulation of the cortex result in
Induced specific memories | MRI confirms that consolidated memory is stored and retrieved from the cortex
88
Who was Henry Gustav Molaison?
The man called H.M. until his death who has problems consolidating information after surgery
89
what happens in infantile amnesia at 0-2 years of age
very little is explicitly remembered | but motor memories occur
90
what happens in infantile amnesia at 2-5 years of age
some memories remembered usually have emotional connections therefore amplified connected to the amygdala
91
what causes the changes in memory as a child develops
maturation of learning structures | establishment of neural connections
92
what are retention and consolidation dependent on
the rehearsal of the information
93
Antrograde Amnesia
inability to form new DECLARATIVE memories | consolidation deficient, but can retrieve old memories
94
where can antrograde amnesia come from
damage to the rehearsal circuit | attached to hippocampus, basal forebrain, amygdala, thalmus
95
what form of amnesia did HM have
antrograde amnesia | his temporal lobe was removed due to siezures
96
who is clive wearing
a man who has to live without memories
97
what is retrograde amnesia
the inability to recall things from before the onset of amnesia
98
when does retrograde amnesia occur
often from brain injury spans minutes to years memories nearest the event are effected often accompanied by antrograde amnesia
99
What happens in pure retrograde amnesia
information cannot be RETRIEVED the retrieval process is effected helps sometimes to provide retrieval cues
100
What is Alzheimers disease
``` impaired memory disorientation emotional flux symptoms worsen over the most common neurodegenerative disorder 4.5 million in us 36% of people over 85 meet criteria ```
101
what are the nueropathological characteristics of alzheimers
atrophy cerebral arterial sclerosis ( hardening of arteries in the brain) histological abnormalities - amylod plagues - neurofibrillian tangles (proteins in the brain that come together)
102
what areas of the brain does alzheimers effect early on
early on it is mostly antrograde amnesia ( forgetting keys) and effects the hippocampus and basal forbrain (acetylcholire) because there is problems creating new memories in consolidation and the rehearsal circuit
103
what areas of the brain does alzheimers effect later
later is mainly retrograde amnesia as old memories start to fade this effects the amygdala and cortical areas where recall is effected
104
what are some possible causes for Alzheimers
aging: increased chance of mutation genes: but only 4-8% is genetic brain damage ( boxers) inflammation
105
what are the current treatments for alzheimers
cholinesterase inhibitors NMDA antagonists- reduce glutamate anti-inflamitories cognitive and physical exersize
106
which treatment has the largest effect
cognitive and physical exersize (nuns)
107
what is Korsafoffs syndrome
``` found by sergei korsakoff patients can converse normally therefore no retrograde amnesia remember old memories very serve antrograde amnesia displays wild conflabulation couldnt figure out who the doctor was ```
108
what is effected by korsakoff
degeneration of the mammillary bodies ( in the thalamus) lesions on the thalamic nuclei - in the rehearsal circuit -- problems with consolidation
109
what causes korsakoffs syndrome
a thiamine or vitamin b deficiency
110
who is often found to have korsakoffs
alcoholics because they replace calories with the alcohol and high proof alcohol already reduces b1 absorption in the intestines

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