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Final Exam Flashcards

0
Q

What is posture?

A

A position of a persons body when standing or sitting

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1
Q

What is balance?

A

An even distribution of weight enabling someone or something to remain upright and steady

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2
Q

What are the 7 components of postural control?

A
  1. Musculoskeletal component
  2. Internal representations
  3. Adaptive mechanisms
  4. Anticipatory mechanisms
  5. Sensory strategies
  6. Individual sensory systems
  7. Neuromuscular synergies
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3
Q

What is postural control?

A

Involves controlling body’s position in space

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4
Q

What is postural orientation?

A

Ability to maintain appropriate relationship between body segments and between the body and environment for a task

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5
Q

What is postural stability?

A

The ability to control COM in relationship to the base of support

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6
Q

What is COM?

A

Center of mass: is the point at the center of the total body mass at L1-L2

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7
Q

What is COP?

A

Center of pressure: is center of distribution of total force applied to supporting surface (COP is found through GRF)

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8
Q

What is COG?

A

Center of gravity: vertical projection of COM.

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9
Q

What is the base of support?

A

The area of the body in contact with the supporting surface

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10
Q

What does COG do during locomotion?

A

During locomotion COG will be projected outside of the BOS in order to assist with movement

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11
Q

What are the 3 systems in postural control?

A
  1. Higher level planning
  2. Coordination
  3. Force generation
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12
Q

Where does higher level planning come from for postural control?

A
  • frontal cortex

- motor cortex

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13
Q

What parts of the nervous system control coordination?

A

Brainstem

Spinal networks coordinating muscle response synergies

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14
Q

What is responsible for force generation in postural control?

A

Motor neurons and muscles

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15
Q

How does muscle tone assist with motor control if quiet stance?

A

Muscle tone should provide passive resistance to lengthening

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16
Q

What are the three components of postural tone during motor control of quiet stance

A

Antigravity muscles
Vestibular system
Vestibuloocular reflex

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17
Q

What are the three movement strategies during perturbed stance?

A

Cone of stability
Feedback control
Feed foreword (anticipatory) control

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18
Q

What is cone if stability?

A

How far we can lean forward without falling

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19
Q

True or false: if the COM is within the cone of stability, balance can be maintained

A

True

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20
Q

What are the three types of feedback control?

A

Proprioception
Visual
Vestibular

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21
Q

What is feed forward (anticipatory) control?

A

Muscles and posture react to visual, cognitive and other inputs to get ready for a change

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22
Q

What are the three methods for maintaining stability?

A

Ankle strategy
Hip strategy
Stepping strategy

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23
Q

What strategy for maintaining balance is used for the most distal direction?

A

Ankle

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24
What strategy for maintaining balance is used for the most proximal direction?
Stepping (to widen BOS or to correct balance)
25
What muscles (anterior) are used to correct backward sway?
Tibialis anterior Quadriceps Abdominals
26
What muscles (posterior) are used to correct anterior sway?
Gastrocnemius Hamstrings Paraspinals
27
When is stepping strategy used to correct COG?
If the COG has exceeded the original base of support, then the active limb is used to reestablish a new base of support
28
What is suspensory strategy and when is it used?
Lowering the COG toward the base of support (when all else fails)
29
What 2 things are used to overcome mediolateral instability?
Abduction-adduction at the hip | Muscle patterns organized in a proximal-to-distal direction
30
What three things are falls dependent on?
The particular perturbation The limitation of the individual The conditions of the environment
31
What age does crawling emerge?
2 months
32
What age does sitting (unsupported) emerge?
6 to 7 months
33
What age does creeping emerge?
8 to 10 months
34
What age does pull-to-stand emerge?
9 to 10 months
35
What age does independent stance emerge?
12 to 13 months
36
What age does walking emerge?
14 to 18 months
37
When learning to perform the next milestone, children must revert back to a ____
Symmetric pattern
38
What is the limiting factor on the emergence of other behaviors as well as the inhibition of reflexes in children?
An immature postural system
39
What may constrain independent mobility and skills in a child?
Abnormal development
40
Most developmental tests and measures evaluate emergency of motor behaviors by evaluating what?
Performance on functional skills that require postural control
41
What are three attitudinal reflexes?
Asymmetric tonic neck reflexes Symmetric tonic neck reflexes Tonic labyrinthine reflex
42
What are 5 righting reactions?
``` Labyrinthine righting Optical righting Body-on-head righting Neck-on-body righting Body-on-body righting ```
43
What are three balance and protective reactions?
Tilting response Protective reaction Staggering reaction
44
What are the symmetric tonic neck reflexes?
Neck extension causes UE extension and LE flexion | Neck flexion causes UE flexion and LE extension
45
What is the labyrinthine righting reaction?
Orients head to vestibular input
46
What is optical righting?
Orientation of the head to visual input
47
What is the body-on-head righting?
Orients the head to proprioceptive and tactile input from the supporting surface
48
What are some common reflexes that are present during the first month after birth?
``` Root/suck/swallow Moro Crossed extension Flexor withdrawal Palmar and plantar grasp Stepping anterior side if leg on table and step Positive support ```
49
When are reflexes linked to abnormal development?
If they persist beyond their normal time period or if they fail to appear in the normal time period
50
Can children be classified as having normal development solely based on reflexes?
No
51
What is the agreement between the two theories (reflex theory and system theory)?
Mapping is the beginning of internal neural representations necessary for coordinated postural abilities
52
According to reflex theory what appears when a child is 2 months of age?
Visual/motor coordination
53
According to system theory what is present in an infant at birth?
Visual/perceptual mapping
54
What is the cause of a lack of head control in a newborn?
Lack of strength and lack of organized muscle activity
55
This is a statement- direction specific postural responses in the neck muscles underlying reactive balance control occurs in infants as young as 1 month old
Couldn't figure out how to make that a question.
56
There are subcortical neural networks involved in the vision-driven control of posture. Are they functional at birth?
Yes
57
What special sense in infants does vision have a significant effect on?
Vestibular
58
At what age should a child be able to hold his head and upper trunk up during static balance control in sitting?
4 to 5 months
59
At what age should a child be able to prop sit?
5 months
60
At what age should a child be able to independently sit?
6 to 8 months
61
When is reactive balance control present in a child during sitting?
At birth
62
What is the exception of progression (think age) of balance control during sitting?
Reactive balance control improves steadily, except at 3 months of age ... Where it then reappears with greater frequency and refinement
63
How can postural response be modified in children?
Postural training may help children with motor delays | Practice increases the emergence of postural responses
64
What is Base of Support (BOS)?
The part of the body in contact with the surface you're in contact with or what ever
65
What is Center of Mass (COM)?
The part of the body in contact with the surface you're in contact with or what ever...
66
Which sensory system elicits postural responses earlier than the somatosensory system?
Visual system
67
What balance strategy is not used during the first year of walking?
Hip strategy
68
Which strategy is not developed until 7-10 years of age?
Hip strategy
69
After what age is there no correlation between structural growth and sway during normal quiet stance?
7 years old
70
Visual reliance for balance is most prominent until age _____.
3 years old
71
Anticipatory postural control emerges at what age in standing?
10 months
72
When is anticipatory postural control present in sitting?
Present in infancy
73
Does postural demands of younger children tax attentional resources more than for older children?
Yea

Motor Control (5 decks)

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