Final Exam

Question 1

The dividing somite is made up of mesodermal cells that give rise to the

Answer 1

Mesenchyme

Question 2

The skeletal system is derived from the

Answer 2

Sclerotomes, and mesenchyme of the head, and limbs.

Question 3

Condensation of the mesenchyme gives rise to these two bone models

Answer 3

Cartilage - Endochondral

Membrane- Intermembranous

Question 4

In this model, the mesenchyme condenses and makes chondroblasts (cells that make cartilage).

Answer 4

Cartilage model

Question 5

The chondroblasts in the cells kick start this process in which cartilage starts forming a template

Answer 5

Chondrification

Question 6

Once the cartilage template in the cartilage model is done, the fibers and the matrix within it start forming this tissue

Answer 6

Pre-osseus tissue

Question 7

Once the preosseus tissue is formed, we find ourselves in the cartilage stage of bone development where in the _____ grows rapidly

Answer 7

Fetus

Question 8

In this model of bone development the mesenchyme condenses and becomes vascular points that develop osteoblasts

Answer 8

Membrane model

Question 9

In the membrane model, these cells begin to deposit osteoid tissues that will later become ossification centers of the respectives bones

Answer 9

Osteoblasts

Question 10

In the membrane model, this structure makes spicules become lamella forming around blood vessels or osteons

Answer 10

Bone matrix

Question 11

Both cartilage and membrane models become bone tissue by depositing ________ in the _______ tissue

Answer 11

Calcium salts; Osteoid tissue

Question 12

The depositing of calcium salts causes the osteoblasts to become trapped and thus become

Answer 12

Osteocytes

Question 13

This structure builds a cartilage base for the growing brain as well as the Nasal base, orbital base, hypophyseal or pituitary base, otic or ear base, and the occipital base

Answer 13

Neurochondocranium

Question 14

This membrane bone develops the parietals, frontal, vomer, nasal and lacrimal areas

Answer 14

Neuromembranocranium

Question 15

The fontanelles and sutures of the cranium formed by the neuromembranocranium have different ossification times. (They close at different times)

The anterior fontanelle closes at ____

The posterior and anterolateral fontanelle closes in ______

The posterolateral closes at _____

Answer 15

The end of the 2nd year, 2-3 months, end of 1st year

Question 16

This bone structure makes up the face and the neck area, It is made through the cartilage model of growth and comes forth from the visceral arches

Answer 16

Splanchnochondrocranium

Question 17

These bones develop from the mesenchyme of the sclerotome and have a densely packed caudal portion and loosely packed cranial part.

Answer 17

Vertebra

Question 18

In order for the vertebra to fuse together the cranial portion must __________ making room for the vessels and the muscles to develp

Answer 18

move up

Question 19

This shows up more lighter than the vertebra and does not fuse until the 3rd month after birth

Answer 19

Spinous process

Question 20

The vertebra has ____ ossification centers at puberty

Answer 20

5

Question 21

Where are the ossification centers for the vertebra located

Answer 21

1 at tip of spinous process

one at each tip of the transverse process

two on the rim of the epiphyseal center

Question 22

The mesenchymal bands start and fuses to the ribs these bands then fuse together to give rise to this specific upper extremity bone

Answer 22

Sternum

Question 23

This bone undergoes intramembranous development and ossifies before other bones in the body

Answer 23

Clavicle

Question 24

A consequence of slow cartilage growth.

Patients who have this malformation exhibit

Small stature, large face and head, short tubular bones, and hyper lordosis in lumbars

Answer 24

Achondroplasia and hypochondroplasia, which has less severe symptoms

Question 25

There are two types of spina bifida. They are

Answer 25

Occult - not visible from outside Cystica - forms a cyst

Question 26

When the cyst is only in the meninges it is known as

Answer 26

Meningocoele

Question 27

When the cyst is found both in the spinal cord and the meninges it is known as

Answer 27

Meningomyelocoele

Question 28

A malformation where there is an abnormal curvature of the spine. The number of vertebra vary It is due the spine having a morphological variation or that it did not develop properly

Answer 28

Congenital Scoliosis

Question 29

A type of craniostenosis where all sutures are closed and it is symmetrical

Answer 29

Oxycephaly

Question 30

A type of carniostenosis with asymmetrical closure of sutures

Answer 30

Plagiocephaly

Question 31

A type of craniostenosis where the sagittal sutures close prematurely; Long narrow cranium

Answer 31

Scaphocephaly

Question 32

A type of craniostenosis in which the coronal sutures close prematurely and has a shorter wide cranium

Answer 32

acrocephaly

Question 33

A congenital malformation in which limbs are absent

Answer 33

Amelia

Question 34

Congenital malformation in which there is absence or reduction of the proximal limb

Answer 34

Phocomelia

Question 35

Absence or reduction of the distal part of the limb

Answer 35

Meromelia

Question 36

Fusion of the lower limb; also known as mermaid syndrome

Answer 36

Sympodia

Question 37

A duplication of distal part of limbs, this malformation in which there can be an addition of hands and feet

Answer 37

dichiria

Question 38

The presence of extra digits, this malformation is known as

Answer 38

polydactyly

Question 39

The malformation in which digits are fused

Answer 39

Syndactyly

Question 40

The muscle system develops from this layer

Answer 40

Mesoderm

Question 41

The muscle system starts out with two divisions. They are the :

Answer 41

Epimere/Epiaxial and Hypomere/Hypaxial

Question 42

The small dorsal division of the muscle system which forms extensor muscles of the vertebral column. The innervation is provided by the dorsal primary rami

Answer 42

Epimere/epiaxial

Question 43

This is the large ventral division of the muscle system. This division forms muscles of limbs and body wall. The innervation to this division is due to the ventral primary rami

Answer 43

Hypomere/hypaxial

Question 44

This myotome undergoes migration in development

Answer 44

Latissimus dorsi

Question 45

This myotome undergoes fusion in development

Answer 45

Rectus abdominis

Question 46

This myotome undergoes degeneration in development to form a ligament

Answer 46

Tensor fascia lata with the fascia lata

Question 47

The trigeminal nerve innervates this arch

Answer 47

1st Branchial Arch

Question 48

The facial nerve innervates this arch

Answer 48

2nd branchial arch

Question 49

the glossopharyngeal nerve innervates this arch

Answer 49

3 branchial arch

Question 50

the vagus and hypoglossal innervate these arches

Answer 50

4th and 6th branchial arch

Question 51

In this malformation, the muscles are bilaterally absent or underdeveloped

Answer 51

Prune Belly

Question 52

This is a malformation which affects the SCM. The SCM is injured DURING development and becomes fibrous

Answer 52

congenital torticollis

Question 53

The urinary system develops from this layer

Answer 53

Intermediate mesoderm

Question 54

The development of the urinary system begins with the development of the urogenital ridge which then becomes the nephrogenic mass. The cells that are formed from the ridge and break up into segments are called

Answer 54

Nephrotomes

Question 55

There are three kidneys that formed during development. These are known as:

Answer 55

Pronephrol, mesonephrol, and mesonephrol

Question 56

This kidney is known as the head Kidney, it has open tubule which drain into the coelom. It is also found on the 7th-10 somite level

Answer 56

Pronephrol

Question 57

This kidney functions briefly and is found on the 10-26th somite level. It has closed tubules which connect to the glomerulus. These tubules are retained to in the male for the reproductive system

Answer 57

Mesonephrol

Question 58

This kidney is found on the 26th to the 28th somite level. Has around 2 million closed tubules. Associated to renal pelvis

Answer 58

Metanephrol

Question 59

In bladder developmente the mesodermal mass divides the cloacal septum into two divisions. These are the :

Answer 59

Dorsal which forms the rectum Ventral which forms the urinary bladder

Question 60

This structure is the neck that is continuous with the cloaca and becomes ligamentous when the bladder develops. In the fetus in is known as the uracus. In the adult it is known as the median umbilical ligament

Answer 60

Allantois

Question 61

This malformation is found in infants. Most of the infants suffer early death and have spongy kidneys which are symmetrically enlarged

Answer 61

Type 1 Congenital Cystic Kidney

Question 62

This malformation is manifested in adults and present before birth. Symptoms include low back pain and kidney infections

Answer 62

type 5 congenital cystic kidneys

Question 63

These tumors have many types of names and derive from the mesoderm. They also have a high growth rate.

Answer 63

Wilm's tumors

Question 64

This system has its origins in the intermediate mesoderm. Sex or germ cells from the yolk sac travel to the genital ridge to become primary sex cords and then develop undifferentiated gonads

Answer 64

The reproductive system

Question 65

The hormone associated with the differentiation of gonads is known as

Answer 65

TDF

Question 66

In the case of development of the reproductive system the male cortex regresses and the medulla develops. In females the cortex _____ and the medulla______

Answer 66

develops ; regresses

Question 67

Spermatoblasts are formed from the

Answer 67

Testes cords

Question 68

The female cords break up into these primordial follicles

Answer 68

Ooblasts and follicular cells

Question 69

The mesoneprhic ducts in the male reproductive system form the

Answer 69

epididymis and ductus deferens

Question 70

The paramesonephric ducts are y shaped and develop the

Answer 70

uterus and the vagina

Question 71

Ovarian hypoplasia that is bilateral. Infertility if hypoplasia is unilateral they are fertile this congenital malformation is known as

Answer 71

Turners syndrome

Question 72

In this congenital malformation the person appears to be a female. They have shallow vaginas and presence of testes in abdominal area There body cells dont respond to testosterone and they are chromatin negative

Answer 72

Androgen insensitivity

Question 73

A female has masculinization of her genitals and has excessive androgen production. This malformation is known as

Answer 73

Androgenital syndrome

Question 74

Blood cell development happens because of this layer

Answer 74

Splanchnic mesoderm

Question 75

These vessels return blood from the embryonic yolk sac

Answer 75

Vitelline vessels

Question 76

These vessel sbring blood from the placenta

Answer 76

umbilical veins

Question 77

These vessels return blood from the embryonic body

Answer 77

Cardinal veins

Question 78

Two endothelial tubes fuse to form a single tube. Later on, the ventricles of this organ are formed and grow much faster than do the atrium. The ventricles then push the atrium portion of the organ up to the upper portion. This is a rough description of the development of the

Answer 78

Heart

Question 79

The heart divides into ___ chambers

Answer 79

4

Question 80

In the atrium we have the 1st wall or the _______.

Answer 80

Septum primum

Question 81

The 1st opening in the septum primum is known as the

Answer 81

Ostium primum

Question 82

the secondary opening in the 1st wall is known as the

Answer 82

Ostium secundum

Question 83

The second wall of the atrial system is known as the

Answer 83

Septum secundum

Question 84

opening in septum secundum to communicate with ostium secundum also an interatrial shunt during development atria communicates with each other.

Answer 84

Oval foramen

Question 85

The contraction of the heart begins in the ___ day

Answer 85

22nd

Question 86

Shunts in the fetal pulmonary trunk that divert blood back to the aorta

Answer 86

Ductus arteriosus

Question 87

shunt in the fetal heart that causes oxygenated blood to bypass the fetus developing liver to reach the vena cava

Answer 87

Ductus venosus

Question 88

The great vessel is divided by spiral growth into these two other vessels

Answer 88

ascending aorta and the pulmonary trunk

Question 89

Absence of the heart

Answer 89

Acardia

Question 90

Heart is located outside of the body

Answer 90

Ectopic cordis

Question 91

Heart is located in the right hemithorax

Answer 91

dextra cardia

Question 92

Dextra cardia with organs mirror image

Answer 92

situs inversus

Question 93

Malformation in which there can be a large hole in the atrium with a loud systolic murmur. Causes cyanosis

Answer 93

Arterial septal defect

Question 94

This malformation has a hole in the ventricle system of the heart but causes no cyanosis

Answer 94

Ventricular septal defect

Question 95

An agent that produces a congenital malformation is known as a

Answer 95

Teratogen

Question 96

In etiology, Objective evidence of a diseases is known as a

Answer 96

Sign

Question 97

In etiology, the subjective evidence of a disease is known as

Answer 97

symptom

Question 98

In etiology, a set of symptoms and signs which occur together

Answer 98

Syndrome

Question 99

The study and cause of disease is known as

Answer 99

Etiology

Question 100

The nervous systems form between the ____ and ____ weeks

Answer 100

3rd and 7th

Question 101

The cardiac systems from between the ____ and ____ weeks

Answer 101

4th and 6th

Question 102

The ears form betwewn the ___ and _____ weeks

Answer 102

4th and 8th

Question 103

The eyes form between the ____ and ____ weeks

Answer 103

4th and 8th weeks

Question 104

the limbs form between the _____ and _____ weeks

Answer 104

4th and 7th weeks

Question 105

Chromosome disorder which could result from abnormal cell division that can happen in meiosis 1 and/or 2 This abnormal division may lead to an abnormal number of chromosomes this is known as

Answer 105

Nondisjunction of chromosomes

Question 106

Also known as Down's syndrome. Patients have 47 (21) chromosomes They usually exhibit hyperflexed joints, microcephaly, simian crease in the palmar surface of the hand, and have intellectual disability.

Answer 106

Trisomy 21

Question 107

Also known as edwards syndrome. Patients have 47(18) of chromosomes Failure to thrive is prevalent, have rocker bottom feet and flexion deformation of fingers

Answer 107

Trisomy 18

Question 108

A trisomy of this sex chromosome leads to scanty menses and many of the patient that exhibit it are fertile. The cardiac and facial features are normal and the patient may appear normal

Answer 108

Trisomy of X

Question 109

Patient has 47 chromosomes Sex chromosomes : XXY They exhibit long legs in proportion to their trunk (abdomen) Exhibit cryptorchism and are usually chromatin positive

Answer 109

Klinefelters syndrome

Question 110

As opposed to trisomy, this syndrome is known to be a monosomy of a sex chromosome. Patient has 45 X0 or 45 X chromosomes Exhibit short stature, webbed neck, skeletal deformation, some are fertile however they posses a lack of breast development infantile external genitalia and are chromatin negative

Answer 110

Turners syndrome

Question 111

Cat eye syndrome : Patient exhibits 46 chromosomes, anal atresia, and inferior coloboma (elongation of the pupil) This type of chromosomal anomaly is known as

Answer 111

Addition of part chromosome

Question 112

When there is deletion of a part chromosome the infant exhibits high pitched crying, hypotonia and simian crease. this syndrome is known as

Answer 112

Cri-du-chat

Question 113

This pathogen has the following effects on the mother: chicken pox and shingles On the fetus: viremia

Answer 113

Varicella zoster

Question 114

This pathogen has the following maternal effects: vulvo vaginitis on the fetus: fetal death, skin eruptions, calcification on the brain

Answer 114

Herpes

Question 115

This pathogen causes german measles on the mother and deafness or cataracts in the fetus/newborn

Answer 115

rubella

Question 116

this pathogen causes genital tract infection and formation of scar tissue in the uterine tubes of the mother on the fetus it could cause infection of the conjunctiva

Answer 116

Gonorrhea

Question 117

This protozoa causes toxoplasmosis on the mother which could be asymptomatic On the fetus, could cause abortion or mental retardation on the newborn Could also cause calcification of the brain

Answer 117

Toxoplasma gondii

Question 118

Drugs for which studies have not shown risk to the fetus

Answer 118

Category A drugs

Question 119

Drugs with now human studies but animal studies have shown an effect on the fetus

Answer 119

Category B

Question 120

Drug studies are inadequate in both humans and animals to show an effect to the fetus

Answer 120

Category C

Question 121

Drugs that will cause harm to the fetus but benefits the mother

Answer 121

Category D

Question 122

Drugs that dont cause any harm to the mother but cause damage to the fetus

Answer 122

Category X

Question 123

These are the _____ of radiation: production of free radicals breakage of chemical bonds and production of new ones between macromolecules Damage of DNA and RNA

Answer 123

Mechanisms of damage