Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Physiology Final > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

(55 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Synthesized from Amino Acids

A

Peptides and Proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Synthesized from Cholesterol

A

Steroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Synthesized from Tyrosine

A

Amines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The hypothalamus secretes

A

TRH, CRH, GnRH, GHRH, Somatostatin, Dopamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The anterior pituitary secretes

A

TSH, FSH, LH, ACTH, MSH, Growth Hormone, Prolactin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The posterior pituitary secretes

A

Oxytocin and ADH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Peptide and protein hormone synthesis in the nucleus

A

gene for the hormone is transcribed into an mRNA (template)

TRANSCRIPTION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Peptide and protein hormone synthesis in the ribosomes

A

mRNA is transferred to the cytoplasm and translated on the ribosomes to the first protein product, a preprohormone

TRANSLATION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Peptide and protein hormone synthesis in the ER

A

converting the preprohormone to a prohormone by removal of the signal peptide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Peptide and protein hormone synthesis in the Golgi apparatus

A

packed in secretory vesicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Cortisol, aldosterone, estradiol and estriol, progesterone, testosterone, and 1,25-dihydroxycholecaliciferol

A

Derivatives of cholesterol

Synthesized and secreted by:
adrenal cortex
gonads
corpus luteum
placenta
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Amine hormones catecholamines (epi, norepi, and dopamine) and thyroid hormones

A

derivatives of tyrosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Neural mechanism of regulating hormone secretion

A

the adrenal gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Feedback mechanisms of regulation hormone secretion

A 
more common than neural mechanisms
directly/indirectly
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK (most important, more common)
Positive feedback (rare)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Negative Feedback

A

when hormone levels are adequate or high, secretion of the hormone is inhibited

when hormone levels are inadequate or low, secretion of the hormone is stimulated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Long-loop feedback

A

hormone feeds back ALL THE WAY to the hypothalamic-pituitary axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Short-loop feedback

A

Anterior pituitary hormone feeds back on the hypothalamus to inhibit secretion of hypothalamic-releasing hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Ultrashort-loop feedback

A

In which the hypothalamic hormone inhibits its own secretion

e.g. growth hormone-releasing hormone [GHRH] inhibits GHRH secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Positive Feedback

A

self-augmenting

explosive or self-reinforcing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Estrogen > Anterior Pituitary > ^ FSH & LH > ovary > ^ estrogen

A

Positive Feedback

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Dilation of cervix > ^ oxytocin from posterior pituitary > uterine contraction > further dilation of the cervix

A

Positive Feedback

In this example, the explosive event is parturition: delivery of the fetus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Dose-response relationship

A

responsiveness of a target tissue to a hormone

as the hormone concentration increases, the response usually increases and then levels off

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Sensitivity

Study These Flashcards
A

hormone concentration that produces 50% of the maximal response

decreased sensitivity if more hormone is required to produce 50% of max response

24
Q

Responsiveness or sensitivity can be changed by

Study These Flashcards
A

changing of the NUMBER of receptors

changing the AFFINITY of the receptors for the hormone

25
Down-regulation
of receptors or the affinity of the receptors for the hormone has decreased May occur by: decreasing the synthesis of new receptors increasing degradation of existing receptors inactivating receptors
26
Up-regulation
of receptors or the affinity of the receptors has increased May occur by: increasing synthesis of new receptors decreasing degradation of existing receptors activating receptors
27
Hypothalamic-pituitary unit
regulates the functions of the thyroid, adrenal, and reproductive glands and also control growth, milk production & ejection, and osmoregulation (ADH)
28
``` Pituitary Gland Posterior lobe (posterior pituitary) Anterior lobe (anterior pituitary) ```
hypophysis neurohypophysis adenohypophysis
29
Infundibulum
thin stalk connecting the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland
30
Nucleus of Hypothalamus
Supraoptic nuclei - synthesize ADH | Paraventricular nuclei - synthesize oxytocin
31
Anterior Pituitary secretes 6 peptide hormones
``` thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) 5% follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) 15% luteinizing hormone (LH) 15% growth hormone (GH) 20% prolactin 15% adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) 15% ```
32
Relationship between hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
both neural and endocrine
33
Relationship between hypothalamus and posterior pituitary
only neural
34
Hypothalamic-hypophysial portal blood vessels
directly links the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary, providing most of the blood supply to the anterior lobe
35
Important implication of the portal blood supply
delivering high concentrations of hypothalamus hormones to the anterior pituitary without appearing in high concentration in the rest of circulatory system
36
Placental hormone that is structurally related to the TSH-FSH-LH family
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG)
37
ATCH Family
- derived from single precursor. pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) - includes ATCH, γ- and β-lipotropin, β-endorphin, and melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) - ACTH: only hormone of family with well-established physiological actions - MSH: involved in pigmentation in lower vertebrates but has little activity in humans - Endorphins: endogenous opiate
38
Growth Hormone (somatotrophs)
secreted throughout life single most important hormone for normal growth to adult stature profound effects on protein, carbohydrate, and fat metabolism
39
Action of GH in the Liver
generates IGF (has tyrosine kinase activity similar to the insulin receptor polypeptides with similar sequence to insulin has peripheral effects like GH
40
Direct actions of GH
Decreased glucose uptake into cells (diabetogenic) Increased lipolysis Increased protein synthesis in muscle Increased body mass
41
Actions via IGF
Increased protein synthesis in chondrocytes and increased linear growth (pubertal growth spurt) ***Joint Pain*** Increased protein synthesis in muscle Increased lean body mass Increased protein synthesis is most organs Increased organ size
42
GH deficiency
``` dwarfism, mild obesity, delayed puberty caused by hypothalamic dysfunction (decrease GHRH) lack of anterior pituitary GH failure to generated IGF in liver GH receptor deficiency ```
43
GH excess
Adults: acromegaly (after puberty) Increased periosteal bone grown and organ size, inhibits insulin hence hyperglycemia Children: gigantism (before puberty) Increased linear growth
44
Prolactin (lactotrophs)
stimulates lactogenesis together with estrogen, stimulates breast development structurally similar to GH
45
Actions of Prolactin
stimulates milk production stimulates breast development inhibits ovulation by decreasing syn. of GnRH inhibits spermatogenesis by decreasing GnRH
46
Prolactin deficiency
due to destruction of anterior pituitary gland | failure to lactate
47
Prolactin excess
prolactinomas; most common pituitary tumor hypothalamic destruction loss of dopamine inhibitory effect galactorrhea anovulation, amenorrhea & decreased libido due to GnHR inhibition Rx: bromocriptine - dopamine agonist which decrease prolactin secretion
48
Posterior Lobe Hormones
ADH & oxytocin (produced in hypothalamus) Synthesized by hypothalamic nuclei Secreted by posterior pituitary
49
ADH
Synthesized by supraoptic nuclei Regulates osmolarity by increasing H2O permeability of the late distal tubule and collecting ducts (V2 receptors and adenylate cyclase mechanism) Constriction of vascular smooth muscle (V1 receptors and IP3/Ca2+ mechanism
50
Pathophysiology of ADH
Central diabetes insipidus Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus Syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH)
51
Central Diabetes Insipidus
Failure of the post. pit. to secrete ADH Circulating levels of ADH are low Collecting ducts are impermeable to h2o, and urine canon be concentrated Produce large volumes of dilute urine & body fluids become concentrated Rx: ADH/vasopressin analogue, ddavp (desmopressin)
52
Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus
Post. pit. is normal Principal cells of collecting duct are unresponsive to ADH (d/t defective V2 receptor, gs protein, or adenylyl cyclase) Excretion of large volumes of dilute urine Serum osmolarity increase Contrast to CDI, ADH is high d/t stimulation from increased osmolarity Rx: thiazide diuretics (inhibits Na+ reabsorption in early distal tubule=ECF vol. contraction)
53
Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH (SIADH)
Excess ADH secreted from post. pit. or from an autonomous site Excess h2o reabsorption by collecting ducts Dilutes the body fluids Urine is INAPPROPRIATELY CONCENTRATED Rx: water restriction, ADH antagonist (demeclocycline)
54
Oxytocin
Synthesized by paraventricular nuclei of hypothalamus Lactation: contraction of myoepithelial cells in breast (milk let-down) Uterine contraction during child-birth Oxytocin receptors in uterus are up-regulated during child-birth (exact role is unknown) Used to induce labor Reduces postpartum bleeding
55
Regulation of Oxytocin secretion
Suckling (major stimulus for secretion) | Dilation of cervix and orgasm

Physiology Final (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions