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World Religions > FINAL EXAM > Flashcards

FINAL EXAM Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

Ka’ba

A

the black cube that is in the center of Mecca; physical center for pilgrimage; spiritual center for prayer

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2
Q

Hijra

A

the “Immigration”; refers to the time Muhammad moved from Mecca to Medina; year 1 for the Muslim calendar (year 622 AD on the Christian time marking scheme)

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3
Q

‘abd

A

means “servant”; refers to the most basic role of Muhammad as prophet: he obeys God

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4
Q

na’bi

A

means “prophet”, or one who delivers a message from God; the second role of Muhammad as prophet: he listens to God

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5
Q

rasul

A

means “messenger”, or one who delivers a message from God; the third role of Muhammad as prophet: he speaks for God

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6
Q

nadhir

A

means “warner”, and tells what the message from God is about; the final role of Muhammad as prophet: he warns of coming judgment

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7
Q

iman

A

articles of faith; the basic doctrines or fundamental beliefs of Islam

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8
Q

shirk

A

means “association”, and refers to associating or identifying anything with Allah; it is considered an unforgivable sin in Islam; sometimes translated “idolatry”

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9
Q

ihsan

A

right conduct; the basic codes of morality for Islam; the behaviors that are “righteous”

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10
Q

‘ibadat

A

literally “service”, refers to religious duties; the prescribed worship practices of Islam (AKA the “five pillars”)

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11
Q

minaret

A

the tower in a mosque from which the muezzin calls out the time for prayer five times a day

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12
Q

muezzin

A

the one who calls out prayer time from a minaret

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13
Q

mihrab

A

the niche, indentation or recess in the wall at the front of a mosque which indicates the direction to Mecca

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14
Q

hajj

A

the pilgrimage to Mecca

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15
Q

jihad

A

literally means “struggle”, refers to spiritual warfare, both in the heart and on the earth

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16
Q

shari’ah

A

often translated “law”, refers to a more general code of behavior or rule for all of life

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17
Q

fiqh

A

literally means “understanding”, and refers to the human application of the shari’ah, which is from divine revelation

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18
Q

Qur’an

A

the “recitation”, the words of God; the revelation of Islam

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19
Q

Hadith

A

refers to the sayings of the prophet when he was not reciting the words of God; these are considered authoritative

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20
Q

Sunna

A

refers to the actions of the prophet; these are also considered authoritative and a model for correct behavior

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21
Q

Ijma’

A

means “consensus”; it is a means of determining shari’ah based on the consensus of the ulama (the learned ones)

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22
Q

Qiyas

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A

means “analogy”; it is a means of determining shari’ah based on analogies drawn between the situation in the Qur’an and the present; these analogies are drawn by the ulama

23
Q

Ijtihad

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A

means “mental struggle” and refers to a means of determining shari’ah based on the opinion or reasoning of just on individual (in Shi’ite Islam, this is the prerogative of the Imam)

24
Q

Ma’rifa

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A

refers to mystical wisdom; acquired through meditation and prayer; used by the Sufis

25
Sunni
the majority sect of Islam; most conservative; adheres strictly to the Qur'an as its source of authority
26
ulama
the "learned ones"; an assembly of men who are learned in the Qur'an, Hadith, and Sunna, and capable of making legal decisions
27
mufti
an individual member of the ulama
28
Shi'ites
the principle sect of Islam; followers of the Imam, the leader of who has come through the blood-line of the Ali clan
29
imam
leader in prayer for Sunni; the spiritual and political leader for Shi;ites
30
ayatollah
"the sign of God", one who holds authority and rules in the place of the hidden Imam in Shi'ite Islam (especially Ithna Ashriya...the twelvers)
31
Sufis
"wool wearers", the mystical sect of Islam
32
shaykh
"leader" (or "gray haired old man"); in Sufi Islam it refers to the spiritual leader
33
ghaiba
means "hidden" and refers to the hiddenness, absence, or invisibility of the Imam in Shi'ite Islam
34
mahdi
literally means "rightly guided one", figuratively means "messiah" and refers to the return of the hidden Iman to establish the perfect social and political order on the earth (Shi'ite)
35
bid'a
literal means "innovation" and applies to updating of Islam as the times and contexts change fundamentalists translate this to be "heresy" because change is bad
36
taqlid
this can refer to "tradition" or the historical application of Islam; modernists have tended to refer to it as the "blind imitation" that stultifies Islam
37
Ahura Maza
Zoroastrianism | "Wise Lord", the One true God to Zoroaster
38
Gathas
Zoroastrianism | early revelations or Zoroaster; "hymns" in poetic and metrical style
39
Zend Avesta
Zoroastrianism | the sacred texts the canon; the record of the revelations to Zoroaster
40
Spenta Mainyu
Zoroastrianism | the "holy spirit" in Zoroastrianism; that agency through which God's power is manifest and his will is implemented
41
Angra Mainyu
Zoroastrianism | the evil spirit in Zoroastrianism; the explanation for the presence of evil in the world
42
YHWH
Judaism | the unspeakable mysterious name of God
43
Muhammad
the prophet (rasul) of Islam
44
al-Ghazali
the great synthesizer of Islam; through his personal experiences in each aspect of Islam, he brought together Sunni, Shi'ite and Sufi
45
Bab-ud-din
the "Gate of Faith"; technically, founder of Babis,. but inspirational founder of Baha'i in Iran
46
Baha'u'llah
the "Glory of Allah"; avid disciple of Bab-ud-din; founder of Baha'i
47
F. Muhammad Ali
appeared in early mid 20th century Detroit with a special revelation from God or the Blacks in America; saw himself as a prophet of Black Islam
48
Elijah Muhammad
follower of F. Muhammad Ali; leader of Black Muslims; propounded the radical ideology of the "Nation of Islam"
49
M. Ibn Abd al-Wahhab
18th century Arabian who thought that all "bid'a" was heresy; all innovations to Islam were considered false and must be eliminated; he idealized the past as perfect Islam
50
Malcolm X
follower of Black Islam of Elijah Muhhamad; excommunicated. went to Mecca, found true Islam, assassinated
51
Wallace D. Muhammad
son of Elijah Muhammad, leader of Black Islam, disbanded Black Muslims in 1985; presently leader of the Blacks in America who are Muslims
52
Louis Farrakhan
radical Black Muslim; revived the ideology of Elijah Muhammad; present leader of "the nation of islam"
53
Jamal al-Din al-Afghani
19th century Persioan who was the first to characterize the West as evil and the course of all of Islams problems; he also idealized the past perfections of Islam
54
Zoroaster
the prophet of Ahura Mazda (Zoroastrianism)

World Religions (4 decks)

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