Final Exam Flashcards
1
Q
What types of cells always have a basement membrane?
A
Epithelial
2
Q
What type of tissue is found in many serous membranes?
A
Simple squamous epithelium
3
Q
Name the 3 germ layers
A
- Ectoderm
- Mesoderm
- Endoderm
4
Q
What does the ectoderm give rise to?
A
The ectoderm produces skin, the nervous system, and all tubes opening to the outside
5
Q
What does the mesoderm give rise to?
A
The mesoderm produces muscles and connective tissue
6
Q
What does the endoderm give rise to?
A
The endoderm produces all internal organs
7
Q
Where are macrophages important?
A
Areolar and lymphatic tissues
8
Q
What type of epidermis has many layers of dead cells?
A
Stratum corneum
9
Q
What layer is absent in most layers of epidermis?
A
Stratum lucidum
10
Q
What causes different skin colors?
A
Melanin
11
Q
What is another name for hair?
A
Pili
12
Q
The major regions of a hair shaft include all of the following except _____.
A
External root sheath
13
Q
What gland secretes oil on the scalp for the hair?
A
Sebaceous gland
14
Q
What is formed partly from the secretions of glands in the external ear canal?
A
Cerumen
15
Q
What’s the oblique epithelial tube from which a hair grows?
A
Follicle
16
Q
What is present in osseous tissue?
A
Lacunae, calcium salts, and blood vessels
17
Q
What are the 4 groups of bones?
A
- Long
- Short
- Flat
- Irregular
18
Q
What do you call the sheath covering a bone?
A
Periosteum
19
Q
What is the inside layer of bone called?
A
Bone marrow
20
Q
What makes bones hard?
A
Calcium-phosphate mineral complexes
21
Q
What makes bones flexible?
A
Collagen
22
Q
What bone cells would have a lot of lysosomes?
A
Osteoclasts
23
Q
Forms the flat bones of the skull, face, jaw, and center of clavicle. Bone is formed in sheet-like layers that resemble a membrane.
A
Intramembranous ossification
24
Q
Forms most bones in the body, mostly long bones, and replace cartilage with bone.
A
Endochondral ossification
25
Mature bones are remodeled throughout life as a result of what?
Appositional growth
26
What causes bone elongation?
Cartilage growth
27
Where would you find numerous gap junctions in muscular tissue?
Intercalated discs of cardiac muscle
28
What are 90% of the neurons in the nervous system?
Association
29
What does “nerve fiber” refer to?
Axon
30
Opening of sodium gates is going to cause what?
Depolarization of the plasma membrane
31
When a membrane is depolarizing, what is going on?
Its sodium gates are fully open
32
Differentiate between myelinated and unmyelinated fibers as to which one would cause a reaction more quickly
Conduction speed of a nerve fiber would be the fastest in a large myelinated fiber
33
A cholinergic synapse has what type of neurotransmitter?
Acetylcholine (ACh)
34
What excites skeletal muscle and inhabits cardiac muscle?
Acetylcholine (ACh)
35
Parkinson’s disease: what happens with it? What’s the faulty neurotransmitter?
Dopamine cannot cross the blood-brain barrier
36
CSF: where are you going to find it, and what produces it?
CSF fills in the space between arachnoid mater and pia mater. Ependymal cells of the choroid plexus produce it.
37
What structure is richest in lipid content in the brain and the spinal cord?
White matter
38
What does gray matter contain?
Cortex and nuclei
39
What keeps nerve fibers insulated from one another?
Endoneurium
40
What nerve originates in the coccygeal plexus?
Sciatic nerve
41
What branch of the spinal nerve has somas that are just sensory?
Posterior (dorsal) root
42
A bundle of nerve roots occupying the vertebral column from L2 to S5: what are they?
Cauda equina
43
Amygdala, hippocampus and hypothalamus are involved with what?
Limbic system
44
The Wernicke area: what is it concerned with?
Speech comprehension/language development
45
Visual association area is primarily located where?
Occipital lobe
46
How many cranial nerves are involved with eye movement?
3 (Oculomotor, Trochlear, Abducens)
47
How many cranial nerves are involved with taste?
3 (Facial, Glossopharyngeal, Vagus)
48
What is the background rate of sympathetic and parasympathetic activity?
Autonomic tone
49
A neurotransmitter that is associated with the autonomic ganglia would be?
Acetylcholine (ACh)
50
The effect of autonomic fibers on target cells is ____ whereas the effect of somatic fibers is ____.
* Excitatory or inhibitory
| * Always excitatory
51
In response to high blood pressure, stretch receptors called ____ in the walls of arteries carrying blood
to the head will trigger a reflex that causes the heart to ____ its beats per minute.
* Baroreceptors
| * Decrease
52
The motor pathway of the autonomic nervous system usually involves how many neurons?
2
53
Preganglionic fibers run from what to what?
Gray matter to autonomic ganglia
54
Preganglionic fibers of the autonomic efferent pathway are ____ and secrete ____.
* Myelinated
| * Acetylcholine
55
Somatic reflexes act faster than visceral reflexes: why?
Effector pathway in the visceral reflex arc involves more neurons
56
Most fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system travel how? (Through what nerve?)
The vagus nerve
57
Sympathetic nerve fibers arise only from what regions of the spinal cord?
Thoracic and lumbar
58
What are the features of the sympathetic division? (4)
* It originates in the thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord
* It has long postganglionic fibers
* Its ganglia are adjacent to the spinal column
* It has an extensive neural divergence and a relative widespread effect
59
What are the characteristics of the parasympathetic division? (4)
* Its effects are local
* The terminal ganglia are very close to or within their target organs
* It originates in the craniosacral regions of the CNS
* It has short postganglionic fibers
60
What does the adrenal medulla secrete mostly?
Epinephrine (adrenaline)
61
White rami carry ____ neurons, while gray rami carry ____ neurons.
* Myelinated preganglionic
| * Unmyelinated postganglionic
62
What are the characteristics of the enteric nervous system? (4)
* It does not arise from the spinal cord
* It innervates smooth muscle
* It innervates glands
* It does not arise from the brainstem
63
If a cell has alpha1 adrenergic receptors, it is sensitive to what neurotransmitter?
Adrenaline
64
A neuron that synapses in the adrenal medulla is a ____ neuron, and releases the neurotransmitter
____.
* Preganglionic
| * Acetylcholine (ACh)
65
What is an especially important center of autonomic control?
Hypothalamus
66
Autonomic function receives input from all of these except?
Spinal cord
67
What type of nerve passes through the sympathetic ganglia without synapsing?
Splanchnic
68
Which of the following is associated with the three F’s (Fight, Flight, Freeze)?
Reduced urinary output
69
The autonomic nervous system carries out many somatic reflexes that are crucial to homeostasis (T/F)
False
70
What taste sensation is associated with the taste produced by amino acids?
Umami
71
Pheromones stimulate what?
Olfactory cells
72
The primary olfactory cortex is located where?
Temporal lobe
73
What is the only sense in which signals can reach the cerebral cortex without passing first through the thalamus?
Smell
74
Which structure allows an upper respiratory infection to spread from the throat to the tympanic cavity?
The auditory (eustachian) tube
75
Stimuli produced by sound waves reach the brain following the pathway:
1) Auditory canal
2) Tympanic membrane
3) Ossicles
4) Oval window
5) Cochlear duct
6) Spiral organ
7) Fibers of cochlear nerve
76
Which of these is most vulnerable to irreversible damage caused by a very loud noise?
Cochlear hair cells
77
Each upward movement of the _____ causes the stereocilia of the inner hair cells to bend, opening ___ gates.
* Basilar membrane
| * K+
78
When you travel in an elevator, what senses how the elevator is moving?
Hair cells of the otolithic membrane of the macula sacculi
79
What does not contribute to the sense of equilibrium?
Vallate papillae
80
These are all accessory structures of the eye except?
The cornea
81
The _____ is not an optic component of the eye?
Retina
82
Glaucoma is a state of elevated pressure within the eye that occurs when the ____ is obstructed so the _____ is not reabsorbed as fast as it is secreted.
* Scleral venous sinus
| * Aqueous humor
83
Nerve fibers from all regions of the retina converge on the ____ and exit the eye by way of the optic nerve.
Optic disk
84
Sensory receptors sense only stimuli external to the body, such as light, sound waves, smell and touch. (T/F)
False
85
Olfaction results from the stimulation of mecanoreceptors. (T/F)
False
86
Taste signals travel from the tongue through what nerves?
The facial and glossopharyngeal nerves
87
The ossicles, where are they located?
Middle ear
88
Macula sacculi are nearly horizontal and macula utriculi are nearly vertical? (T/F)
False
89
The middle ear consists of a fluid-filled chamber (T/F)
False
90
The cornea belongs to the tunica fibrosa of the eyeball. (T/F)
True
