Final Exam Flashcards
(143 cards)
1
Q
Mechanical massage
A
alter underlying tissues to hasten the recovery period of muscle or skin
2
Q
Reflexive
A
alter emotional status to induce relaxation (pain, circulation, metabolism)
3
Q
How massage controls pain
A
stimulates receptors to carry input along large diameter afferents to stimulate the production of endorphins
4
Q
How massage affects circulation
A
mechanical movement of lymph and edema
5
Q
How massage affects metabolism
A
enhances removal of waste
6
Q
Mechanical effects of massage
A
stretch a muscle
elongate fascia
Mobilize soft tissue
7
Q
4 ways to change dosage of a massage
A
type of stroke
pressure applied
duration
frequency
8
Q
Effleurage
A
Also known as stroking. Pass palmar surface of hand over body segment
Stroke in the direction of venous flow and major muscle groups
9
Q
Petrissage
A
Also known as kneading. Circular movement while picking up and or compressing the tissue
10
Q
Tapotement
A
Percussing with a slightly cupped palmar surface with pulmonary problems or to loosen mucous in lungs
11
Q
Hacking
A
ulnar surface of therapist’s hands strikes the part in a rapid fashion
12
Q
Tapping
A
tips of all fingers simultaneously strike as the hands are in an alternate motion
13
Q
Slapping
A
flattened palm is used in a rapid rhythmic manner
14
Q
Beating
A
half clenched fist strikes the part
15
Q
Manual vibrations
A
hand placed flatly on surface with elbows slightly extended as the entire arm shakes from the shoulder
16
Q
Friction
A
circular rolling of the underneath tissue or perpendicular motion, skin does not move
17
Q
transverse friction massage
A
place tendon on stretch and exert pressure perpendicular to tendon. Perform for 7-10 minutes. No lubrication.
18
Q
Four layer model of acupressure points
A
Superficial layer
Deep layer
Craniosacral system
Emotional field
19
Q
Creation of trigger point
A
muscle fiber rupture release of calcium sustained contraction area becomes ischemic metabolic wastes accumulate short, stiff, irritable trigger point
20
Q
Myofascial release
A
technique used to relieve soft tissue from the abnormal grip of tight fascia. Small amount of lubrication needed
21
Q
Connective Tissue Massage
A
Pulling technique with no lubricant. Can be used for scars, circulation problems
22
Q
Rolfing
A
balance of the body
23
Q
Dense regular tissue
A
ligaments and tendons in parallel arrangement
24
Q
Dense irregular tissue
A
periosteum, joint capsule, dermis of skin; multidirectional arrangement
25
Loose irregular
fascial sheaths; sparse multidirectional arrangement of collagen
26
Western massage techniques
effleurage, petrissage, friction, tapotement, vibration
27
Contemporary massage techniques
myofascial, trigger point, lymphatics
28
Response of tendons and ligaments to traction
respond slowly so slow loading is more effective for change because high load increases the resistance. Need low/moderate load for change.
29
Response of muscle to traction
lengthen tight muscles
proprioception
gate pain
30
What does intermittent traction stimulate?
Mechanoreceptors to gate pain
31
Overall effects of traction on spine
```
Increase intervertebral space
Tension on posterior and anterior ligaments exerts a force at the back of the joint
Suction draws protrusion to the center
Flatten back when applied in flexion
Distracts joints
```
32
Response of joints to traction
Decompress articular cartilage to allow synovial fluid exchange
Decrease pain from degenerative changes
Increase proprioceptive responses
33
Uses of static traction
Disc
| Extension or side lying
34
Uses of intermittent traction
Muscle
Joint
Flexion to restriction
35
Indications for traction in flexion
muscle and joint problems
36
Indications for traction in extension
disc protrusion
37
Indications for traction in side-lying
lateral disc protrusion
(if pt leans away from painful side, apply to painful side. If pt leans toward painful side, apply traction to non-painful side)
38
Traction duration for lumbar disc problem
below 20 minutes (8-10). do static or static-like (60:20)
39
Traction duration for lumbar facet problems
30-40 minutes. Intermittent
40
Frequency of lumbar traction
3-5 times a week
41
Force needed to be exerted for lumbar traction
25%-50% body weight to start
25% for muscle spasm and disc pathology
50% for vertebral separation
42
Patients who benefit from traction and an extension based intervention
Presence of sciatica
Signs of nerve root compression
Peripheralization with extension movements or positive crossed SLR
43
Hold/Relax times for cervical traction
```
Initial/acute (static)
Joint distraction (15/15)
Muscle spasm (5/5)
Disc problem or soft tissue stretch (60/20)
```
44
5 variables to determine whether patient would benefit from cervical traction
```
Peripheralization with lower cervical spine mobility testing
Positive shoulder abduction test
Over 55 yo
Positive upper limb tension test A
Positive neck distraction test
```
45
Angle of pull to straighten cervical lordotic pressure
24-25 degrees
46
Minimum pull time for intermittent traction? Why?
6 seconds - to overcome GTO response reflex
47
Effectiveness of light is determined by
reflection, refraction, and scattering
48
Most critical factor effecting efficacy is
Absorption of the photoenergy of the appropriate wavelength and energy density
49
What does LASER stand for
light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation
50
What does LED stand for
light emitting diode
51
What does SLD stand for
supraluminous diodes
52
Biophysical characteristics of laser
Monochromatic (one color)
Coherence (phased)
Collimated (radiation goes in one direction)
53
Photobiostimulation is for...
Wound healing (use lower dose of laser)
54
Photobioinhibition is used for...
Pain reduction (use higher doses of laser)
55
Electromagnetic radiation is categorized according to its...
Frequency and wavelength
56
Intensity of electromagnetic radiation is greatest when
energy output is high, radiation source is close to patient, bean is perpendicular to the surface of the skin
57
Wavelength that can penetrate human tissue
600-1300 nm (red or IR)
58
Most lasers used for treatment have a power between
5 and 500 mW
59
Equation for energy
Energy = Power x Time
60
Energy density
amount of power per unit area
61
Depth of penetration is dependent on
Wavelength and power
62
Which light source is thermal? Athermal?
Thermal - LED
| Athermal - laser
63
Three reactions that take place with laser radiation
1. photodynamic action on membranes accompanid by intracellular calcium increase and cell stimulation
2. photoreactivation of CuZn superoxide dismutase
3. photolysis of metal complexes of NO with release of vasodilator
64
Chromophores
molecular structures that absorb light
| Primary receptors for photo bio-stimulation
65
Primary reaction in light pathway
Absorption of energy by chromophores
66
Conditions treated by laser
Wound healing
Fracture healing
MS injuries
Pain control
67
UVA
320-420 nm
Greatest depth of penetration
Tanning with PUVA
68
UVB
```
280-320 nm
Tanning
Erythema production
Epidermal hyperplasia
Vitamin D
```
69
UVC
```
185-280 nm
Bactericidal
Enhances epithelialization and sloughs necrotic tissue
Almost no tanning
Vitamin D
```
70
UV biological effects
```
Vasodilation
Stratum corneum thickening
Increased vitamin D production
bactericidial effect
Pigmentation augmentation
```
71
Wavelength of UV for bactericidal effects
UVC at or near 254 nm
| Treat with doses less than MED
72
Effects of NO
```
Increase circulation
Decrease inflammation
Reduce edema
Decrease pain
Tissue remodeling
Wound healing
```
73
Five cardinal signs of inflammation
```
Swelling
Redness
Warm
Pain
LOF
```
74
Time span for Inflammatory Response Phase
1-6/10 days
75
Margination
process of leukocyte migrating from blood vessels to perivascular tissue. Helps clean up debris
76
Inflammatory Phase vascular reaction
vascular spasm, formation of platelet plug, blood coagulation, growth of fibrous tissue
77
Clot formation process
thromboplastin is released which causes the breakdown of prothrombin into thrombin. Thrombin causes fibringoen to unwind into individual fibrin elements. These fibrin monomers deposit themselves over the damaged vessels.
78
Time span for proliferation phase
Up to 20 days
79
4 processes to close wound in proliferation phase
epithelialization
collagen production
wound contracture
neovascularization
80
Fibroplasia
Scar formation where there is an increased granulation tissue and type III is replaced with type I collagen
81
Tissue sensitivity from highest to lowest
Periosteum - Subchondral bone - muscles and cortical bone - synovium and articular cartilage
82
Mesinner's corpuscles
Light touch skin mechanoreceptors
83
Pacinian corpuscles
Deep pressure skin mechanoreceptors
84
Merkel's corpuscles
deep pressure but slower skin mechanoreceptors
85
Ruffini corpuscles
Proprioceptors and thermotherapy
86
Krause's end bulb
decrease in temperature and touch
87
Nocioceptors
pain or noxious stimuli
88
Proprioceptors
Muscle spindles, GTO (stretch and balance)
89
A delta fibers
Initial acute pain and sharp pain
| Brief, well localized, well matched to stimuli
90
Cfibers
Chronic pain
| Aching, throbbing, burning
91
What is the main pain receptor?
Lateral spinothalamic
92
Substantia Gelatinosa
Inhibits whats coming in from periphery. Facilitated by A beta fibers and inhibited by C and and delta fibers
93
Enkephalins
block the transmission of impulses traveling along small C fibers with the dorsal horn T cell
94
Galvanotaxis
Movement of cells toward the electric field
95
What type of current is iontophoresis
Direct current
96
How does iontophoresis maintain the pH
release of Silver Silver Chloride (prevents hydrolysis from occurring)
97
What does biofeedback measure?
electrical activity of the muscle, not muscle contraction
98
Characteristics of high volt waveform
twin peak monophasic
99
Denervated muscle parameters
Asymmetrical biphasic with pd less than 1 msec first 2 weeks
| DC interrupted square wave with frequency of 10 Hz after first two weeks
100
Resistance
opposition to movement of charged particles
101
Conducatnace
ease of movements of particles
102
Impedance
Frequency dependent opposition to EC flow
103
Reactance
Opposition to curren flow
104
Capacitance
capacity for storing charge (potential difference between terminals)
105
Ohm's Law
V = IR
106
Series current
a circuit in which there is only one path for current to get through from one terminal to the other. Resistance is just added up
107
Parallel current
Two or more routes for the current to pass. Resistance total is reciprocal
108
Rheobase
Find the intensity to get the sensation you want with an infinite duration
109
Chronaxie
Double the intensity of the rheobase and get the duration
110
Cycle of cross contamination
```
Reservoir for organism
Method of exit
Method of transmission
Method of entry for organism
Susceptible host
Infection develops
```
111
Medical asepsis
reduce the number and contain microbes
112
Surgical asepsis
area is free of microbes and all things must be sterile
113
Contact isolation
gloves, gown, private room
114
Droplet isolation
Mask, private room, no gown
115
Airborne isolation
use mask with respirator
116
Sterilization
Process to destroy pathogens and spores
117
Disinfection
Destruction or removal of pathogens, but not necessarily their spores
118
Arndt-Schultz
no reaction will occur if not enough energy is absorbed
119
reflection
bounces off body
120
transmitted
goes to next level
121
SATA for 1 MHz
0.1 or 0.2
122
SATA for 3 MHz
0.07
123
absorbed
absorbed and converted in the body
124
refracted
bent at the next level
125
Gotthus-Draper
Energy that is not absorbed is transmitted
126
Cosine law
optimal radiation occurs when the source is perpendicular to the center of the area being treated
127
Specific Heat
amount of energy required to raise the temperature of a given weight of a material by a given number of degrees
128
Conduction
Direct contact
129
Convection
transfer of heat by movement of a medium
130
Radiation
transfer of energy without the use of a medium or a contact
131
Evaporation
Heat loss by changing liquid to gas
132
Conversion
Nonthermal form of energy changed into heat (US, SWD)
133
Fluidotherapy
110-126 (116)
134
Parrafin Wax bath
124-130 (128-129)
135
Canvas Hot pack
158-168
136
Normedical hot back
135
137
Ultrasound works through
Reverse pizoelectric (adding electric to crystal to create sound wave)
138
Rarefactions
Low density
139
Compression
high density
140
SWD Parameter
27.12 MHz, 11 m
141
Capacitance
high frequency AC gives electromagnetic energy from 2 electrodes that are oppositely charged (part of electric field). Use for ligaments, tendons, cartilage, fat, cartilage
142
Inductance
strong magnetic field created in body (most efficient in low imedence tissues that have high electrolytes and water contents: blood, muscle, sweat)
143
Pulsed lavage parameters
4-15 psi
