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Biology > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Commensalism

A

+,0

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2
Q

Mutualism

A

+,+

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3
Q

Parasitism

A

+,-

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4
Q

Predation

A

+,-

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5
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Makes and transports proteins and other material out of the cell. Finishing and Packaging

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6
Q

Cell Membrane

A

Regulates what enters and leaves the cell. Shipping and Receiving

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7
Q

Mitochondria

A

Breaks down food molecules to make energy. The Power Plant

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8
Q

Nucleus

A

Controls all cell activity and contains DNA. The Main Office

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9
Q

Vacuole

A

Stores water and other materials. The Warehouse

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10
Q

Nucleolus

A

Produces ribosomes

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11
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Contains all the organelles and provides the space for cell function to occur. The Factory Floor

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12
Q

Cell Wall

A

A protective wall made up of polysaccharides, maintains the shape of the cell

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13
Q

Ribosome

A

Builds proteins. Employees

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14
Q

Lysosome

A

Digests food particles and waste. Maintenance

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15
Q

Chloroplast

A

Contains chlorophyll, which makes the plant green and absorbs sunlight

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16
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Where ribosomes collect. Pathway that proteins and other materials travel through in the cell. The Assembly Line

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17
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Carry materials around the cell- sometimes break down molecules

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18
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Helps to maintain cell shape

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19
Q

Prokaryotic Cell

A

Don’t have a nucleus or organelles

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20
Q

Eukaryotic Cell

A

Has a nucleus and organelles

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21
Q

Cell Theory

A
  1. All living things are made of cells
  2. Cells are the structural and functional units of life
  3. All cells come from pre-existing cells
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22
Q

Selectively Permeable Membrane

A

It can “select” which molecules can come in and out of the cell

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23
Q

Passive Transport

A

Molecules moving from a higher concentration to a lower concentration that doesn’t require additional energy

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24
Q

Active Transport

A

The process by which molecules move across a cell membrane that requires additional energy

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25
Q

Endocytosis

A

The transport of a substance into a cell using energy

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26
Q

Exocytosis

A

Getting rid of a substance from a cell

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27
Q

Diffusion

A

The movement of molecules from a higher concentration to a lower concentration

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28
Q

Phagocytosis

A

The transport that engulfs a substance into a cell

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29
Q

Hypotonic

A

The dissolved substances surrounding the cell is lower than the concentration of the dissolved substances in the cell

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30
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

Passive transport across a membrane that uses transport proteins

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31
Q

Ion Pumps

A

The transport across the membrane that uses outside energy to go to a higher concentration of molecules

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32
Q

Ions

A

charged atoms or molecules

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33
Q

Pinocytosis

A

The transport that takes liquid into a cell

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34
Q

Hypertonic

A

The dissolved substances surrounding the cell is higher than the dissolved substances in the cell

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35
Q

Receptor-meditated Endocytosis

A

The transport of specific molecules into a cell

36
Q

Isotonic

A

The dissolved substances surrounding the cell is the same as the dissolved substances in the cell

37
Q

Osmosis

A

The transport through a membrane that makes the low concentration and high concentration equal

38
Q

Cotransport

A

The transport of two or more substances simultaneously in different directions

39
Q

Photosynthesis

A

The process in which plants use sunlight to make food from carbon dioxide and water

40
Q

Anthocyanin

A

The pigment which makes red and blue

41
Q

Xanthophyll

A

The pigment which makes yellow

42
Q

Carotene

A

The pigment which makes orange

43
Q

Chlorophyll

A

The pigment that makes green

44
Q

Chloroplast

A

Contains chloroplasts, where photosynthesis takes place

45
Q

Pigment

A

Molecules in a plant that capture energy in sunlight to power photosynthesis

46
Q

ATP and NADPH

A

Molecules that store and release energy

47
Q

Thylakoid

A

Flattened disks arranged in stacks inside the chloroplast. It is the site of the light-dependent reaction

48
Q

Grana

A

Stacks of thylakoids

49
Q

Photosystem

A

Clumps of pigment molecules found in the thylakoid

50
Q

Stroma

A

Fluid-filled space in the chloroplast- site of Calvin Cycle

51
Q

Why are pigments necessary for photosynthesis to occur?

A

To capture the light energy from the sun to power the light dependent reaction

52
Q

What happens to leaves during autumn? Why do they change colors?

A

When days shorten, leaves get less sunlight and therefore chlorophyll production slows- then stops and breaks down, then the other pigments are able to be seen

53
Q

What environmental changes triggers autumn color change

A

length of day and temperature

54
Q

Why do leave fall off trees?

A

When it gets colder, leaves seal their veins to trap sugars in the trunk of the tree. The leaves fall off the tree once the veins have sealed

55
Q

Benefits of photosynthesis?

A

Humans get oxygen and the atmosphere is cleared of carbon dioxide. Plants make their own food

56
Q

Why is the Calvin Cycle referred to as the “light-independent” reaction?

A

It does not require sunlight for energy. It used ATP and NADPH

57
Q

Why does the light- dependent reaction have to take place before the Calvin-Cycle

A

ATP and NADPH produced in the light- dependent reaction to power the Calvin Cycle (to make glucose)

58
Q

C6H12O6

A

Glucose

59
Q

Glycolysis Chemical Reaction

A

glucose = pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADPH

60
Q

Alcohol Fermentation Chemical Reaction

A

pyruvate + NADPH = ethyl alcohol + CO2

61
Q

Lactic Acid Fermentation Chemical Reaction

A

pyruvate = lactic acid

62
Q

Aerobic Respiration Chemical Reaction

A

O6H12C6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy

63
Q

Anaerobic Respiration

A

Occurs in cytoplasm, doesn’t require oxygen, uses ATP stored in muscles and ATP made through lactic acid fermentation, produces 2 ATP ethyl alcohol and lactic acid (sprints, weight lifting) increased tolerance to lactic acid, lactic acid can be used for energy, more glycogen storage, builds muscle mass

64
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

Occurs in the mitochondria, requires oxygen, uses ATP stored in muscles and ATP made through respiration, glucose, glycogen, and fat, requires glucose, produces 36 ATP, carbon dioxide, and water
(long distance running, swimming) strengthens heart and lung, weight loss, more mitochondria

65
Q

Krebs Cycle

A

Pyruvate is made into 2 ATP and produces NADH and FADH2

66
Q

Electron Transport Chain

A

Uses NADH and FADH2 to make 32 ATP

67
Q

Glycogen

A

The form of carbohydrate stored for a longer period of time

68
Q

Why do runners breath hard after sprinting?

A

After aerobic respiration oxygen is needed to start aerobic respiration again, and you need oxygen to break up and get rid of lactic acid in muscle cells

69
Q

Why can’t cells grow indefinitely?

A

If cells get too big then the surface area can not take care of the larger volume of the cell. It is easier to move materials in and out

70
Q

What is interphase?

A

G1, S, and G2

71
Q

What is the M phase?

A

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis

72
Q

What is the mitosis phase

A

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

73
Q

What are the main parts of the M phase?

A

Mitosis and cytokinesis

74
Q

G1

A

The cell grows (Gap one)

75
Q

S

A

DNA replication (Synthesis)

76
Q

G2

A

Cell continues to grow (Gap two)

77
Q

M

A

The cell divides (mitosis)

78
Q

G0

A

Cells are stuck that never copy themselves (Gap zero)

79
Q

Prophase

A

Nucleolus disappears, the chromatin come together to become chromosomes, and the spindle starts to form

80
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell, and spindle fibers attach to chromosomes and pull them apart

81
Q

Anaphase

A

The chromatids separate towards opposite poles

82
Q

Telophase

A

A new nuclear envelope forms, chromosomes form back into chromatin

83
Q

Cytokinesis

A

When the daughter cells divide

84
Q

Chromosome

A

Located in the nucleus, carries genetic information

85
Q

Sister Chromatid

A

An exact copy of the other chromosomes

86
Q

Chromatin

A

Loose chromosomes

87
Q

Chromatid

A

Chromatin wound into a chromosome

Biology (4 decks)

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