Final Exam Flashcards
(87 cards)
1
Q
Commensalism
A
+,0
2
Q
Mutualism
A
+,+
3
Q
Parasitism
A
+,-
4
Q
Predation
A
+,-
5
Q
Golgi Apparatus
A
Makes and transports proteins and other material out of the cell. Finishing and Packaging
6
Q
Cell Membrane
A
Regulates what enters and leaves the cell. Shipping and Receiving
7
Q
Mitochondria
A
Breaks down food molecules to make energy. The Power Plant
8
Q
Nucleus
A
Controls all cell activity and contains DNA. The Main Office
9
Q
Vacuole
A
Stores water and other materials. The Warehouse
10
Q
Nucleolus
A
Produces ribosomes
11
Q
Cytoplasm
A
Contains all the organelles and provides the space for cell function to occur. The Factory Floor
12
Q
Cell Wall
A
A protective wall made up of polysaccharides, maintains the shape of the cell
13
Q
Ribosome
A
Builds proteins. Employees
14
Q
Lysosome
A
Digests food particles and waste. Maintenance
15
Q
Chloroplast
A
Contains chlorophyll, which makes the plant green and absorbs sunlight
16
Q
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
A
Where ribosomes collect. Pathway that proteins and other materials travel through in the cell. The Assembly Line
17
Q
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
A
Carry materials around the cell- sometimes break down molecules
18
Q
Cytoskeleton
A
Helps to maintain cell shape
19
Q
Prokaryotic Cell
A
Don’t have a nucleus or organelles
20
Q
Eukaryotic Cell
A
Has a nucleus and organelles
21
Q
Cell Theory
A
- All living things are made of cells
- Cells are the structural and functional units of life
- All cells come from pre-existing cells
22
Q
Selectively Permeable Membrane
A
It can “select” which molecules can come in and out of the cell
23
Q
Passive Transport
A
Molecules moving from a higher concentration to a lower concentration that doesn’t require additional energy
24
Q
Active Transport
A
The process by which molecules move across a cell membrane that requires additional energy
25
Endocytosis
The transport of a substance into a cell using energy
26
Exocytosis
Getting rid of a substance from a cell
27
Diffusion
The movement of molecules from a higher concentration to a lower concentration
28
Phagocytosis
The transport that engulfs a substance into a cell
29
Hypotonic
The dissolved substances surrounding the cell is lower than the concentration of the dissolved substances in the cell
30
Facilitated Diffusion
Passive transport across a membrane that uses transport proteins
31
Ion Pumps
The transport across the membrane that uses outside energy to go to a higher concentration of molecules
32
Ions
charged atoms or molecules
33
Pinocytosis
The transport that takes liquid into a cell
34
Hypertonic
The dissolved substances surrounding the cell is higher than the dissolved substances in the cell
35
Receptor-meditated Endocytosis
The transport of specific molecules into a cell
36
Isotonic
The dissolved substances surrounding the cell is the same as the dissolved substances in the cell
37
Osmosis
The transport through a membrane that makes the low concentration and high concentration equal
38
Cotransport
The transport of two or more substances simultaneously in different directions
39
Photosynthesis
The process in which plants use sunlight to make food from carbon dioxide and water
40
Anthocyanin
The pigment which makes red and blue
41
Xanthophyll
The pigment which makes yellow
42
Carotene
The pigment which makes orange
43
Chlorophyll
The pigment that makes green
44
Chloroplast
Contains chloroplasts, where photosynthesis takes place
45
Pigment
Molecules in a plant that capture energy in sunlight to power photosynthesis
46
ATP and NADPH
Molecules that store and release energy
47
Thylakoid
Flattened disks arranged in stacks inside the chloroplast. It is the site of the light-dependent reaction
48
Grana
Stacks of thylakoids
49
Photosystem
Clumps of pigment molecules found in the thylakoid
50
Stroma
Fluid-filled space in the chloroplast- site of Calvin Cycle
51
Why are pigments necessary for photosynthesis to occur?
To capture the light energy from the sun to power the light dependent reaction
52
What happens to leaves during autumn? Why do they change colors?
When days shorten, leaves get less sunlight and therefore chlorophyll production slows- then stops and breaks down, then the other pigments are able to be seen
53
What environmental changes triggers autumn color change
length of day and temperature
54
Why do leave fall off trees?
When it gets colder, leaves seal their veins to trap sugars in the trunk of the tree. The leaves fall off the tree once the veins have sealed
55
Benefits of photosynthesis?
Humans get oxygen and the atmosphere is cleared of carbon dioxide. Plants make their own food
56
Why is the Calvin Cycle referred to as the "light-independent" reaction?
It does not require sunlight for energy. It used ATP and NADPH
57
Why does the light- dependent reaction have to take place before the Calvin-Cycle
ATP and NADPH produced in the light- dependent reaction to power the Calvin Cycle (to make glucose)
58
C6H12O6
Glucose
59
Glycolysis Chemical Reaction
glucose = pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADPH
60
Alcohol Fermentation Chemical Reaction
pyruvate + NADPH = ethyl alcohol + CO2
61
Lactic Acid Fermentation Chemical Reaction
pyruvate = lactic acid
62
Aerobic Respiration Chemical Reaction
O6H12C6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
63
Anaerobic Respiration
Occurs in cytoplasm, doesn't require oxygen, uses ATP stored in muscles and ATP made through lactic acid fermentation, produces 2 ATP ethyl alcohol and lactic acid (sprints, weight lifting) increased tolerance to lactic acid, lactic acid can be used for energy, more glycogen storage, builds muscle mass
64
Aerobic respiration
Occurs in the mitochondria, requires oxygen, uses ATP stored in muscles and ATP made through respiration, glucose, glycogen, and fat, requires glucose, produces 36 ATP, carbon dioxide, and water
(long distance running, swimming) strengthens heart and lung, weight loss, more mitochondria
65
Krebs Cycle
Pyruvate is made into 2 ATP and produces NADH and FADH2
66
Electron Transport Chain
Uses NADH and FADH2 to make 32 ATP
67
Glycogen
The form of carbohydrate stored for a longer period of time
68
Why do runners breath hard after sprinting?
After aerobic respiration oxygen is needed to start aerobic respiration again, and you need oxygen to break up and get rid of lactic acid in muscle cells
69
Why can't cells grow indefinitely?
If cells get too big then the surface area can not take care of the larger volume of the cell. It is easier to move materials in and out
70
What is interphase?
G1, S, and G2
71
What is the M phase?
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis
72
What is the mitosis phase
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
73
What are the main parts of the M phase?
Mitosis and cytokinesis
74
G1
The cell grows (Gap one)
75
S
DNA replication (Synthesis)
76
G2
Cell continues to grow (Gap two)
77
M
The cell divides (mitosis)
78
G0
Cells are stuck that never copy themselves (Gap zero)
79
Prophase
Nucleolus disappears, the chromatin come together to become chromosomes, and the spindle starts to form
80
Metaphase
Chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell, and spindle fibers attach to chromosomes and pull them apart
81
Anaphase
The chromatids separate towards opposite poles
82
Telophase
A new nuclear envelope forms, chromosomes form back into chromatin
83
Cytokinesis
When the daughter cells divide
84
Chromosome
Located in the nucleus, carries genetic information
85
Sister Chromatid
An exact copy of the other chromosomes
86
Chromatin
Loose chromosomes
87
Chromatid
Chromatin wound into a chromosome
