FINAL EXAM Flashcards
(99 cards)
1
Q
List the asexual and sexual spores of fungi and give an example of an organism which exhibits each type
A
Asexual:
arthrospores, blastospores, chlamydospores
Sexual:
ascospore, basidiospores, zygospore
2
Q
Identify the fungus: Thick-walled, broad-based yeast
A
Blastomyces dermatiditis
3
Q
Identify the fungus: Spherules filled with endospores
A
Coccidioides imitis
4
Q
Identify the fungus: Thick-wall barrel-shaped arthrospores
A
Coccidioies imitus
5
Q
Identify the fungus:
Spiny tuberculate macroconidia
A
Histoplasma capsulatum
6
Q
Identify the fungus:
Brown sclerotic bodies
A
Chromomycoses dematiaceous fungi
7
Q
Identify the fungus:
Thick-walled, spindle-shaped macroconidia
A
Microsporum canis
8
Q
Identify the fungus:
Colony has a red reverse
A
Trichophyton rubrum
9
Q
Identify the fungus:
Thin-walled, club-shaped macroconidia in clusters
A
Epidermophyton
10
Q
Identify the fungus:
Produces germ tube
A
Candida albicans
11
Q
Identify the fungus:
Causes epidemic scalp ringworm
A
Trichophyton tonsurans
12
Q
Identify the fungus:
Broad, non-septate hypae in tissue
A
Mucor or rhizopus
13
Q
Identify the fungus:
Brown, gritty deposits in sputum
A
Aspergillus
14
Q
Identify the fungus:
Multiple buds in tissue
A
Paracoccidioides
15
Q
Identify the fungus:
Causes Phycomycoses
A
Mucor or rhizopus
16
Q
List the species of rickettsia, their mode of transmission (vectors), and the diseases they
cause.
A
Only important one to know: Rocky Mountain spotted fever, deer tick, Rickettsia rickettsii
17
Q
How do rickettsia differ from chlamydia?
A
rickettsia need an arthrodpod vector
18
Q
What diseases are caused by chlamydia and how are thy spread?
A
psittacosis
aerosol
19
Q
Which viruses are indicted by:
Burkitt’s lymphoma
A
Epstein-Barr
20
Q
Which viruses are indicted by:
Infectious mononucleosis
A
Epstein-Barr
21
Q
Which viruses are indicted by:
Large, red intranuclear inclusions
A
Cytomegalovirus
22
Q
Which viruses are indicted by:
Negri bodies
A
rabies
23
Q
Which viruses are indicted by:
Shingles
A
varicella zoster
24
Q
Define Definitive host
A
host in which sexual stage of life cycle occurs; adult
25
Define Intermediate host
host in which asexual stage of life cycle occurs;larval stage
26
Define Reservior host
animals other than man
27
List the four classes of protozoa and their means of motility
Sarcodina-pseudopods
Ciliata-cilia
Mastigophora-flagella
Sporozoa-non motile
28
What protozoan is indicated by:
| Sluggish random motility
Entamoeba coli
29
What protozoan is indicated by:
| Fine, even peripheral chromatin
Entamoeba histolytica
30
What protozoan is indicated by:
| Oval cyst has large, blot-like karyosome
Endolimax nana
31
What protozoan is indicated by:
| Large glycogen vacuole stains deeply with iodine
Iodamoeba butschlii
32
What protozoan is indicated by:
| Lacks a cyst form
Dientamoeba fragilis, Trichomonas vaginalis, Entamoeba gingivallis
33
What protozoan is indicated by:
| Troph is bilaterally symmetrical
Giardia lamblia
34
What protozoan is indicated by:
| Pear-shaped troph with jerky motility is found in urine
Trichomonas vaginalis
35
What protozoan is indicated by:
| Cyst is lemon-shaped with “nipple” on end
Chillomastix mesnili
36
How are most protozoan diseases transmitted?
fecal-oral ingest the cyst
37
What morphological form of the blood and tissue flagellates is intracellular?
LD body or leishmanial forms
38
Which species exist in this form in human cells?
All Leishmania and Trypanosoma cruzii
39
List the major species of Leishmania and Trypanosoma, the diseases they cause, and their vectors
Trypanosoma gambiense- West African sleeping sickness, tsetse fly Leishmania donovani-Kala-azar, LD bodies, sand flies(phlebotomis)
Leishmania braziliensis-espundia, sand flies
Leishmanis tropica-oriental sore, Baghdad/Delhi boil, sand flies
chagas disease Trypanosoma cruzii kissing bug
40
Describe the principle and interpretation of the Sabin-Feldman dye test
In a positive test, Toxoplasma gondii will not take up the dye. In absence of the antibodies it will stain blue
41
What is the first intermediate host of all human flukes?
snails
42
What species of fluke is indicated by:
| Usual parasite of sheep has an extremely large egg
Fasciola hepatica
43
What species of fluke is indicated by:
| Largest fluke found in man
Fasciolopsis buski
44
What species of fluke is indicated by:
| Ova often confused with Diphyllobothrium latum
Paragonimus westermani
45
What species of fluke is indicated by:
| Egg has prominent shoulders and resembles a light bulb
Clonorchis sinensis
46
What species of fluke is indicated by:
| “Bladder fluke” associated with bladder cancer
Schistosoma hematobium
47
What species of fluke is indicated by:
| Ova can appear in the stool or sputum
Paragonimus westermani
48
Define hydatid cyst
larval stage of Echinococcus granulosis; tapeworm larvae large bladder filled cyst
49
Define proglottid
individual segments of a tapeworm
50
Define neck
narrowest part of the tapeworm, located just behind the scolex
51
Define rostellum
fleshy extension of scolex that has 1 or 2 rows of hooks
52
Define scolex
head of a tapeworm may have suckers (4), bothria (2) or hooks; organ for attachmen
53
Define strobila
general term for entire tapeworm
54
List the definitive host, the intermediate host, the diagnostic stage, and the infective stage:
Diphyllobothrium latum
Definitive host: man
Intermediate host: freshwater fish
Diagnostic stage:egg
Infective stage: plerocercoid
55
List the definitive host, the intermediate host, the diagnostic stage, and the infective stage:
Taenia saginata
Definitive host: man
I
ntermediate host: cow
Diagnostic stage: egg
Infective stage: cysticercus bovis
56
List the definitive host, the intermediate host, the diagnostic stage, and the infective stage:
Taenia solium
Definitive host: man
Intermediate host: pig
Diagnostic stage:egg
Infective stage: cysticercus cellulosae
57
List the definitive host, the intermediate host, the diagnostic stage, and the infective stage:
Hymenolepis nana
Definitive host: man
Intermediate host: none
Diagnostic stage: egg
Infective stage: fully embryonated egg
58
List the definitive host, the intermediate host, the diagnostic stage, and the infective stage:
Hymenolepis dimunata
Definitive host: rat
Intermediate host: grain beetle, flea
Diagnostic stage:egg
Infective stage: cystercoid
59
List the definitive host, the intermediate host, the diagnostic stage, and the infective stage:
Echinococcus granulosus
Definitive host: canines
Intermediate host: sheep
Diagnostic stage: hydatid cyst which is found in man
Infective stage: egg
60
How can Taenia saginata and Taenia solium be differentiated?
eggs of each are indistinguishable. Uterus of T. solium has only 7-15 lateral branches. T. saginata has more uterine branches, no hooks on scolex.
Man can be infected by T. solium eggs but not by T. saginata eggs
61
How can Hymeolepis nana and Hymenolepis dimunata be differentiated?
H. diminuta eggs are larger and have no polar filaments
62
Which one is the “dwarf tapeworm”?
Hymenolepsis nana
63
What are spicules?
associated in nematode with ejaculating duct-necessary for reproduction
64
How does the life cycle of nematodes differ from that of trematodes (in general)?
nematodes have a more simple life cycle, 1 host and external environment, *alternate between free living and parasitic*
trematodes have at least 1 if not 2 intermediate hosts
65
List the definitive host, intermediate host (if present) the diagnostic stage (include appearance), infective stage, and any appropriate common names:
Ascaris lumbricoides
Definitive host: man
Intermediate host: none
Diagnostic stage: egg
Infective stage: embryonated egg
Common Name: roundworm
66
List the definitive host, intermediate host (if present) the diagnostic stage (include appearance), infective stage, and any appropriate common names:
Enterobius vermicularis
Definitive host: man
Intermediate host: none
Diagnostic stage: egg
Infective stage: embryonated egg
Common name: pinworm*
67
List the definitive host, intermediate host (if present) the diagnostic stage (include appearance), infective stage, and any appropriate common names:
Necator americanus
Definitive host: man
Intermediate host: none
Diagnostic stage: egg
Infective stage: filariform larvae
Common name: hookworm
68
List the definitive host, intermediate host (if present) the diagnostic stage (include appearance), infective stage, and any appropriate common names:
Strongyloides stercoralis
Definitive host: man
Intermediate host: none
Diagnostic stage: rhadbitiform larvae
Infective stage: filariform larvae
Common name: threadworm
69
List the definitive host, intermediate host (if present) the diagnostic stage (include appearance), infective stage, and any appropriate common names:
Trichinella spiralis
Definitive host: man
Intermediate host: pig
Diagnostic stage: encysted larvae
Infective stage: encysted larvae in muscle
Ccommon name:
pork tapeworm
70
List the definitive host, intermediate host (if present) the diagnostic stage (include appearance), infective stage, and any appropriate common names:
Trichuris trichiuria
Definitive host: man
Intermediate host: none
Diagnostic stage: egg
Infective stage: embryonated egg
Common name: whipworm
71
How can the rhabditiform larvae of hookworm and Strongyloides be differentiated?
rhabditiform (N. americanus)- long buccal cavity
| strongyloides-short buccal cavity
72
How are infections due to these organisms usually acquired?
penetration of skin by filariform larvae
73
In the life cycle of Strongylodies, what do the terms autoinfection, direct development, and
indirect development refer to?
person infects themselves; like hookworm rhabditifom directly develops into filariform ; rhabditiform develops into a free living adults
74
What is visceral larval migrans and what is it caused by?
Toxocara canis
75
Cutaneous larval migrans (or “creeping eruption”)
Ancylostoma braziliense
76
List several species of protozoa or helminths which can be diagnosed by observation of a stained blood smear
plasmodium, trypanosome, leishmania, microfilarial larva (Brugia)
77
List several distinctive features of filarial worms
presence of nuclei helps to id larvae born alive. some have sheath derived from eggshell, have periodicity; female gives birth to live larvae
78
How do Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malaya differ?
both cause elephantiasis and live in lymphatic system.
*BRUGIA HAS A MUCH HIGHER NUMBER OF MICROFILARIA IN THE BLOODSTREAM
bancrofti is sheathed and Malaya is not
Malaya has more microfilarial larvae
79
```
List the intermediate host, the specimen needed for diagnosis, the disease caused, and the
diagnostic stage (including description) for the following:
Brugia malaya
```
Intermediate host: mosquito
Specimen needed for diagnosis: blood
Disease caused: elephantiasis
Diagnostic stage: microfilaria
80
```
List the intermediate host, the specimen needed for diagnosis, the disease caused, and the
diagnostic stage (including description) for the following:
Dracunculus medinnesis
```
Intermediate host: Cyclops/copepod
Specimen needed for
Diagnosis: skin
Disease caused: dracunculosis
Diagnostic stage: rhabditiform larvae
81
```
List the intermediate host, the specimen needed for diagnosis, the disease caused, and the
diagnostic stage (including description) for the following:
Loa loa
```
Intermediate host: chrysops fly (deer fly)
Specimen needed for
Diagnosis: blood
Disease caused: loiasis (severe eye disease)
Diagnostic stage: microfilaria
82
```
List the intermediate host, the specimen needed for diagnosis, the disease caused, and the
diagnostic stage (including description) for the following:
Onchocerca volvulus
```
Intermediate host: simulium fly (black fly)
Specimen needed for
Diagnosis: skin
Disease caused: river blindness
Diagnostic stage:
microfilaria
83
```
List the intermediate host, the specimen needed for diagnosis, the disease caused, and the
diagnostic stage (including description) for the following:
Wuchereria bancrofti
```
Intermediate host: mosquito
Specimen needed for
Diagnosis: blood
Disease caused: elephantiasis
Diagnostic stage:microfilaria
84
If an ova and parasite exam can not be performed right away, what procedure should be followed
perform quick macro and micro exam, add preservative and refrigerate within 30 min.
85
What preservative is usually used for the trichrome stain?
PVA
86
What is the main use of a permanent stained smear?
to see protozoan cysts and trophs
87
List the two major concentration procedures and the principle of each
formalin ether- sedimentation
| zinc sulfate-flotation
88
What is the specific gravity of the solution employed in the floatation method
1.18
89
If negative results were obtained using the zinc sulfate method, what would be the best course to follow if the doctor still felt the patient had a parasitic disease?
Repeat using formalin ether
90
What parasite often causes pneumonitis in children?
Ascaris
91
In which two parasitic infections is autoinfection most common?
Pinworm, strongylodies
92
List several species of parasites which can be transmitted by contaminated drinking water
E. histolytica, all schistosomes (not HOOKWORMS)
93
List several environmental or climatic factors which are important in the spread and/or prevention of parasitic infections
temp, sand, soil, controlling insect population, water filtration
94
Make sure you know the scientific names of the organisms we studied that have the following common names:
Bilhariasis
any schistosome (Schistosoma sp.)
95
Make sure you know the scientific names of the organisms we studied that have the following common names:
Blackwater fever
Plasmodium falciparum
96
Make sure you know the scientific names of the organisms we studied that have the following common names:
Guinea worm
Dracunculus medinensis
97
Make sure you know the scientific names of the organisms we studied that have the following common names:
Thread worm
Strongyloides stercoralis
98
Make sure you know the scientific names of the organisms we studied that have the following common names:
eye worm
Loa Loa
99
Make sure you know the scientific names of the organisms we studied that have the following common names:
Whipworm
Trichuris trichiura
