FINAL EXAM Flashcards
1
Q
transverse ligament of the atlas
A
prevents anterior displacement of the atlas and skull on C2 and lower vertebrae
2
Q
posterior longitudinal ligament
A
prevents hyperflexion of spine
3
Q
alar ligaments
A
connect dens to skull
4
Q
nuchal ligament
A
connects spinous processes to nuchal lines
5
Q
anterior longitudinal ligaments
A
prevents hyperextension of spine
6
Q
hangmans fracture
A
bilateral fracture of posterior arch of C@ with anterior subluxation of C2 on C3 - from hyperextension
7
Q
clay shoveler fracture
A
tip of spinous process C6-T1
8
Q
Jefferson fracture
A
compression fracture of C1 anterior or posterior arch - lateral masses split and transverse ligament tears
9
Q
pretracheal space
A
between pretracheal fasica and trachea
10
Q
retropharyngeal space
A
between retropharyngeal and alar fascia
11
Q
danger space
A
between alar and prevertebral fascia
12
Q
internal jugular vein formed by joining of…
A
posterior auricular vein and retromandibular vein
13
Q
platysma muscle innervated by….
A
cervical branch of facial nerve (CN VII)
14
Q
trapezius muscle innervated by….
A
spinal accessory nerve - CN XI
15
Q
sternocleidomastoid innervated by….
A
spinal accessory nerve - CN XI
16
Q
torticollis
A
shortening of SCM or excessive stretching during childbirth
17
Q
borders of posterior triangle
A
trapezius, SCM, clavicle (omohyoid splits occipital triangle and supraclavicular triangle)
18
Q
nerves present in the nerve point of the neck
A
greater auricular, lesser occipital, supraclavicular nerves, transverse cervical, spinal accessory
19
Q
list nerves of cervical plexus
A
lesser occipital - C2,C3 greater auricular - C2, C3 transverse cervical - C2, C3 supraaclavicular - C3, C4 phrenic - C3, C4, C5
20
Q
cutaneous innervation of the head
A
from trigeminal nerve (CN V) and from C2-C4
21
Q
arteries coming off of subclavian
A
internal thoracic, thyrocervical trunk (inferior thyroid, transverse cervical, suprascapular), vertebral, costocervical (deep cervical, intercostal)
22
Q
nerves in suboccipital region
A
great occipital (C2 dorsal ramus), suboccipital (C1 dorsal ramus, least occipital (C3)
23
Q
triangles of the anterior neck
A
mental triangle, submandibular triangle, muscular triangle, carotid triangle (SCM, omohyoid, digastric, mandible are major borders)
24
Q
contents of submental triangle
A
between two anterior bellies of digastric, contains lymph nodes and small veins
25
contents of muscular triangle
contains infrahyoid muscles and anterior jugular veins and jugular venous arch
26
suprahyoid muscles
mylohyoid, anterior belly of digastric, stylohyoid, posterior belly of digastric
27
infrahyoid muscles
thyrohyoid, sternohyoid, omohyoid
28
innervation of anterior belly of digastric and mylohyoid
nerve to mylohyoid (branch of CN V3)
29
innervation of sylohyoid, posterior belly of digastric
supplied by branches of facial nerve (CN VII)
30
raphe
line that connects mylohyoid muscles
31
geniohyoid muslce action
pulls hyoid antero-superiorly
32
nerve to mylohyoid is a motor branch of ....
the inferior alveolar nerve from V3
33
innervation of the infrahyoid muscles comes from
ansa cervicalis
34
structures that ansa cervicalis supplies
sternohyoid, omohyoid (sup. belly), sternohyoid and omohyoid (inf. belly), sternothyroid
35
C1 branch reaches thyrohyoid and geniohyoid by piggybacking on which nerve
hypoglossal
36
innervation to geniohyoid and thyrohyoid
C1 via hypoglassal
37
facial nerve supplies which muscles
post. belly of digastric and stylohyoid
38
nerve to mylohyoid supplies which muscles
mylohyoid and ant. belly of digastric (branch of inferior alveolar nerve from CN V3)
39
C1 via hypolassal supplies which msucles
thyrohyoid and geniohyoid
40
common carotid splits at level of...
upper edge of thyroid cartilage
41
branches of external carotid
```
Superior thyroid
Ascending pharyngeal
Lingual
Facial
Occipital
Posterior auricular
Superficial temoral
MAXillary
```
42
external carotid artery supplies everything outside dura mater except...
anterior forehead, from internal carotid artery from supraorbital, a branch of ophthalmic artery
43
arterial circle of Willis
vertebral, basilar, posterior cerebral, posterior communicating, internal carotid, middle cerebral, anterior cerebral
44
carotid body and sinus are supplied by
carotid sinus nerve, from CN IX - glossopharyngeal nerve
45
sympathetic chain lies _______ carotid sheath
behind
46
thyroid veins
superior and middle come from internal jugular, inferior from subclavian
47
pterion
where frontal, parietal, greater wing of spherion and temporal bones meet, lies above middle meningeal artery
48
mandibular foarmen is entrance for ......
inferior alveolar nerve
49
fontanelles
membranes that bridge over sutures in early life
50
lambdoid suture
join occipital and parietal bones
51
metopic suture
join two halves of frontal bone
52
craniosynostosis
premature fusion of sutures
scaphoncephaly - closure of sagittal suture
oxycephaly - closure of coronal suture
53
infratemporal fossa
bounded medially by lateral pterygoid plate, anteriorly by maxilla, posteriorly by occipital bone, superiorly by base of skull
54
nerve located in infratemporal fossa
the trunk of V3
55
foramen in front of the skull
supraorbital - suprorbital nerve from V1
infraorbital - infraorbital nerve from V2
mental - mental nerve from V3
56
superior orbital fissure
transmits branches of the ophthalmic nerve (V1) - also CN III, IV, VI
57
foramen rotundum
transmits branches of the maxillary nerve (V2)
58
foramen ovale
opening for V3
59
foramen spinosum
opening for middle meningeal artery
60
stylomastoid foramen
opening for trunk of facial nerve
61
petrotympanic fissure
opening for chorda tympani
62
jugular foramen
opening for IJV, IX, X and XI
63
cribiform plate
opening for CNI
64
optic canal
opening for CN II
65
internal acoustic meatus
opening for CN VII and VIII
66
hypoglossal canal
opening for CN XII
67
List the paranasal sinuses
frontal, ethmoidal, maxillary, sphenoidal
68
What empties into middle meatus
maxillary sinus, ethmoidal sinuses and frontal sinus
69
What empies into inferior meatus
nasolacrimal duct
70
two layers of dura
periostal and meningeal, fused except at sinuses and infoldings
71
falx cerebri
infolding of dura which separates cerebral hemisphere - attaches to crista galli and internal occipital protuberance
72
falx cerebelli
infolding of dura which lies between the cerebellar hemispheres - attaches to internal occipital crest
73
tentorium cerebelli
extension of dura which separates the occipital lobes of the cerebrum from the cerebellum - attaches to the posterior clinoid processes, petrous portion of temporal and occipital bones
74
diaphragma sellae
lies over the pituitary fossa and has opening for stalk
75
cranial nerves carrying parasympathetic fibers
3, 7, 9 and 10
76
two groups of ganglia that carry sensory gangila
trigeminal and geniculate ganglion
77
Sensory only cranial nerves
1, 2 and 8
78
Motor only cranial nerves
3 (somatic and visceral), 4, 6, 11, 12
79
mixed cranial nerves
5, 7, 9 and 10
80
Facts about cranial nerve #3
Starts at oculomotor nucleus, travels through superior orbital fissure, innervates 5 muscles of ocular movement, parasympathetic fibers synapse on ciliary ganglion to innervated ciliary muscle and sphincter pupillae
81
diagnostic value of CN III
can be compressed on ridge along petrous part of temporal bone, form brainstem damage or compression
82
CN III passes along which artery
posterior communicating artery, aneurysm may compress it
83
CN IV and VI
trochlear and abducens, travel through superior orbital fissure and innervate superior oblique and lateral rectus respectively
84
Which division of the trigeminal nerve contains motor fibers and what muscles does it innervate
V3, four muscle of mastication (temporalis, masseter, leteral and medial pterygoid) and four accessory muscles of mastication (mylohyoid, ant. belly of digastric, tensor tympani and tensor palatini
85
trigeminal ganglion
sensory only, pseudounipolar, analogous to DRG
86
Openings of the skull for trigeminal nerve
V1 - superior orbital fissure
V2 - foramen rotudum
V3 - foramen ovale
87
divisions of V1 (ophthalmic division)
tentorial, lacrimal, frontal, nasociliary, supraorbital, supratrochlear, infratrochlear
88
internal sensory regions of V1
nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, meninges
89
divisions of V2 (maxillary division)
descending palatine, all superior alveolar, zygomatic, infraorbital
90
internal sensory regions of V2
nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, maxillary teeth, hard/soft palate, meninges
91
divisions of V3 (mandibular division)
buccal, lingual, auriculotemporal, inferior alveolar, mental
92
internal sensory regions of V3
anterior 2/3 of tongue, lower teeth, external tympanic membrane, cheek, meninges
93
motor branches of facial nerve
temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, cervical, digastric, posterior auricular
94
motor component of facial nerve exits skull at.....
stylomastoid foramen
95
Path of the two parasympathetic nerves from CN VII
Both originate in the brainstem.
First travels along greater petrosal nerve, synapses at pterygopalatine ganglion then innervates nasal and palatine glands and lacrimal glands.
Second travels along chorda tympani, joins the lingual nerve (V3), synapses at submandibular ganglion and then innervates sublingual and submandibular glands
96
Path of the special sensory fibers of CN VII
Innervate anterior 2/3 of tongue, travel back along chorda tympani and down CN VII to synapse at geniculate gangion
97
What does CN IX innervate
taste and general sensory of 1/3 posterior of tongue, somatic sensory to pharynx, visceral sensory to carotid body/sinus, parasympathetic to parotid glands
98
tympanic canaliculus
where the parasympathetic fibers of CN IX reenter the skull
99
otic ganglion
lies just medial to V3, provides post-ganglionic fibers to parotid gland
100
glabella
unibrow
101
medial and lateral cnathi
corners of eyes
102
petrotympanic fissure
exit of chorda tympani
103
muscles innervated by facial nerve
muscle of facial expression and scalp, stylohyoid, posterior belly of digastric and stapedius
104
Two Zebras Bit My Cas Posteriorly
```
Temporal
Zygomatic
Buccal
Mandivular
Cervial
Posterior auricular
```
Motor branches of facial nerve
105
buccinator innervated by...
buccal branch of the facial nerve
106
deep petrosal nerve
carries sympathetic fibers from the carotid artery and joins with the greater petrosal nerve
107
vidian nerve
greater petrosal never and deep petrosal nerve combine to form vidian nerve, which then reaches the pterygopalatine ganglion in the pterygopalatine fossa
108
anastamose of internal and external carotid
facial artery and superficial temporal artery joins with supraorbital artery (terminal branch of ophthalmic artery from ICA)
109
danger triangle of the face
infection in facial veins travel to opthalmic veins, to cavernous sinus to dural sinuses
110
structures in parotid
external carotid atery and branches, retromandibulr veins and tributaries, branches of facial nerve, auriculotemporal nerve (V3)
111
innervation of parotid
glossopharyngeal to tympanic nerve, through tympanic canniliculus, to lesser petrosal, synapse on otic ganglion, to parotid
112
What enters through the inferior orbital fissure
contains infraorbital and zygomatic nerves, branches of V2, also it connects the pterygopalatine fossa and infratemporal fossa
113
tarsal plates
fibrous connective tissue skeleton of eyelid, deep to orbital septum
114
orbicularis oculi
muscle of the eyelid (facial nerve) - deep to skin and subcutaneous layer, superficial to tarsal plate
115
external style or hordeolum
from the glands of Zeis, infection at the end of the eyelids
116
internal style or chalazion
from the melbomian glands, inside the tarsal plates, dysfunction of glands causes dry eyes
117
bulbar vs palperbral conjuctive
bulbar covers the sclera, palpebral lies deep to eyelid
118
conjunctiva
deep to tarsal plate, membrane that produces mucous and tears and prevents microbes from entering eyes
119
lacrimal caruncle
nodule at inner corner of eye, skin covering sebaceous and sweat glands
120
Tenon's capsule
thin membrane that surround back of the eye and separates eye from periorbital fat
121
Which cranial nerve passes above tendinous ring of Zinn
CN IV - trochlear nerve
122
Mueller's muscle
superior tarsal muscle with sympathetic innervation in the levator palpabrae superioiris that widens eyes
123
Superior and inferior rectus move eyes
In (either up or down)
124
superior and inferior oblique move eyes...
out down (superior) or out up (inferior)
125
How to clinically test trochlear nerve
look in then down, prevents use of inferior rectus to test superior oblique
126
strabismus
eyes are not properly aligned, can led to diplopia
127
symptoms of oculomotor nerve palsy
1. eye down and out due to actions of superior oblique and lateral rectus
2. ptosis, due to immobilized levator palpebrae superioris muscle
3. dilated pupil due to unopposed sympathetic stimulation of dilator pupillae
128
three branches of V1
frontal, lacrimal and nasociliary
129
short ciliary neves
contain sensory, sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers (long ciliary have no parasympathetic fibers)
130
nerve that passes through cranial sinus that can be compressed by an anuerysm of the ICA
CN VI
131
accomodation
rounding of lens for near vision, parasympathetic stimulation from CN III
132
Edinger-Westphal nuclues
preganglionic parasympathetic axons in CN III to ciliary ganglia
133
Why both pupils should contract if light is shined in one eye
light travels on both sides of brain stimulating both Edinger Westphai nuclei
134
Horner's syndrome
interruption of sympathetic innervation to head, leads to miosis (constricted pupil), ptosis (drooping eyelid), anhydrosis, and vasoodilation
135
muscles involved in accomodation
cilliary muscles
136
importance of central artery of retina
no anastamoses, occulsion will result in blindess
137
papilledema
increased cranial pressure, leading to swollen optic nerves
138
glaucoma
from increased intraocular pressure, overproduction of aqueous humor by ciliary body of eye
139
Canal of schlemm
drainage for aqueous humor, blockage can lead to glaucoma
140
pituitary tumor leads to loss of what type of vision first
peripheral vision, compression of optic chiasm
